Friday, November 29, 2019

Louis Vuitton Essay Example

Louis Vuitton Essay Louis Vuitton (LV) is the world’s leading luxury brand. It is ranked number 1. It is also regarded as the leading brand of the LVMH group and the 1st world group of luxurious goods which were produced and distributed. This brand was created in 1987. LVMH earned worldwide sales of â‚ ¬16. 5 billion in 2007 (+7. 7%). This achievement has ensured and conquered competition with its revenues being three times greater than its follower Richemont Group. The group has been split into five core activities with a rich portfolio of over 60 brands. Fashion and leather goods constitute â‚ ¬5. billion sales which accounts for nearly 34 % of the group’s turnover. It is also this sector that stimulates the group’s growth engine. LV dominates the luxury segment by reaching a target of â‚ ¬1. 659 billion turnover in 2006 (which is nearly 2 times its two main followers PPR and Valentino),. Further, LV owns 405 stores (+15 net openings in 2008). Its mission focuses on aimin g at being the ’ambassador of the occidental art of life’, to be the symbol of elegance and creativity by realising its selling dreams crossing tradition and modernity. Hence, it frames its core values with concepts such as creativity and innovation, state-of-the art product quality, and an invaluable brand trademark appeal. The high dynamism of the global group is driven by the exceptional appeal of the LV branding, its efficiency in strategic development, and a long standing presence worldwide. Credit goes to factors such as the strong organic growth, innovative and creative product development, the influential and impact driven communication means and messages on luxury voyage and thematic ideas, the French prestigious lifestyles, the authentic know how and the well managed distribution network. All these factors have fuelled LV’s dynamism. The current strategy has been developed on three main axes1: Strengthening of its position in the emerging market segment: As growth relays when mature markets slowdown (E. U. U. S. ) or declines (as in the case of Japan), with a retail network extension, there is a high growth potential of new customers with increasing purchasing power and eagerness to adopt the foreign luxury goods (e. g. China, Russia, and India). We will write a custom essay sample on Louis Vuitton specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Louis Vuitton specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Louis Vuitton specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A ’premium† positioning’: By adopting a differentiation strategy, selling high quality innovative products at a higher price, and then staying above the emerging competition of the middle markets, rivals trade up in such a manner that they begin comforting its profitability. Therefore, they simultaneously engage a production cost cutting policy, while steadily investing in marketing, promotion and communication strategies which is essential to enhance the brand image. This serves as the main factor of the purchasing decision of such luxury goods. Innovation and communication: Innovation and communication is essential to support the premium strategy and to increase the customer panel by taking advantage of globalisation and the democratisation of the luxury market. Resource-based analysis Resources Main Characteristics Tangible Financial High sales revenue worldwide and a well-balanced and a developed situation versus emerging markets. (â‚ ¬ 5. 6 billions) High growth rates (+7. 7%) Financial resources and the capacity to support growth and investments (â‚ ¬ 246 millions in 2007). Physical 405 owned boutiques worldwide, and the increasing presence in the emerging markets (China: +9 openings in 2007, and 3 planned). Progressive and discrete relocation of production sites to low labour cost locations (such as Portugal and India) Intangible Technological High artisanal skills and the technically savvy know how Numerous trademarks and models being patented Efficient use of IT in retail and marketing sectors, and for worldwide strategic management Reputation Ranked as number one in the luxury market and has acquired the 17th position in Global brand market2 Emulates as image of luxury occidental and French lifestyles Voyage, elegance, excellence, style and quality Suitable for all occasions as its trends are in-between tradition and modernity Human Resources Designers, skilled workforce, sales force, and marketing internationally well-known brand icons From a Porter’s value chain concept (1990), the internal resources of LV are well allocated and linked . This has enabled the company’s capabilities to create a sustainable competitive advantage on a differentiation strategy by translating the brand communication, distribution, product innovation, and pricing policy. This translation has occurred while the production is gradually and confidentially being relocated to low labour cost countries in order to improve margins. The marketing strategy is of highest importance for the LV luxury strategy to feel the market trends, and to translate its value of excellence and prestige in a message which is perfectly perceived by the customers. External Environment: (Louis Vuitton in China) Macro Environment: PESTEL analysis3 The luxury market has challenged its growth by increasing its growth rate over the last decade (except 2001). This strategy was especially supported by the emerging markets of China, India, and Russia†¦ as growth relayed in the mature and almost saturated historical area (E. U. , U. S, and Japan). The increasing trends of international tourism, ’new rich people‘ and the favourable world economic growth, enabled the support of the luxury industry and the emergence of new customers and the subsequent trading areas. However, the financial crisis in 2007 and its economic aftermaths damaged the world economic growth. This in turn resulted in a slowdown in the areas of international trade and tourism. Further, there was a shocking decline in the stock markets, the savings, and the depreciating currencies fluctuations. China is a very dynamic country. It is a dynamic and versatile country in terms of being open to integrated and international trade. The buoyant economic growth begins with benefitting population, with the subsequent high potential middle to upscale consumer market which is emerging and looking for luxury and foreign accessories. However, the cultural matters and political lack of transparency has raised some informal barriers (i. e. it has been ranked as the 83rd country in which macro environment facilitates the theory of ’doing business’). Political factors: Gradual transition from a centrally, planned and closed environment to a social market China is a communist state government having a track record of being highly involved in business matters. Some of its examples have been cited as under: Incrementally FDI oriented, since 1979: This has resulted in price liberalisation, fiscal decentralisation, diversified banking system and stock market development†¦ 2007: It saw the evolvement of the unified corporate income tax (end of domestic fiscal protection). WTO member since 2001, meant obligations to implement international regulations It has still been regarded as a non-tariff trade barrier (existence of licensing, norms, quotas and cultural barriers). Additionally, costly and time-consuming red tape obstacles have to be overcome. Implementation of the ’One child’ policy over three decades. Continental China’s retention with Hong Kong and Taiwan in terms of specific statues and relationships. Issues: Being sensitive to diplomatic relationships in countries such as Tibet, Manchuria and Japan. Also, being aware of the human rights and fundamental freedoms internally. Economical: The impact of the ’economic miracle’ : In spite of a double digit GDP growth over the last decades (11. 9% in 2007), the same was eroded by the financial crisis and a subsequent economic slowdown was anticipated (7-8% expected by 2008) 2007 was earmarked: China achieved the 4th position from a worldwide point of view in terms of GDP growth. his was $3. 251 trillion. It also achieved the 2nd position in PPP ($7. 099 trillion). Despite these achievements, it continued to remain in the lower-middle income per capita ($ 1740, in 2005) group. China’s international and integrated/dependency: From obtaining a GDP of 10%, international trade in 1978 rising to 60% in 2006 versus a decreasing portion of national consumption which was below 40% in 2005. Inflation rate: China’s inflation rate was 4. 8% in 2007 Exchange rate: As per reports in 2008, the exchange rate (i. e. the US $ / RMB) was 7. 8. Real estate and land price reached a bubbling effect A system of fiscal incentive for FDI in specific coastal areas was introduced Huge workforces and low wages in comparison to low productivity and business management skills was effective and rampant Social: A buoyant emerging consumer market China’s population : A country constituting 1. 3 billion inhabitants (1/5 world population) and a population growth rate of 0. 629% (2008) Ageing population Education: As per surveys and reports in 1999, the country’s GDP was 1. 9% wherein a literacy rate of 90. % was achieved in 2006 Rural exodus : Conversion of rural areas in urban localities is only a new principle in China. Past data reveals that nearly 44% of area constituted to rural areas and there were 25 cities over 2millions inhabitants in 2006. The coastal development (i. e. ’ the two China’ and its downstream economic inequalities) was prevalent. Income Capacity: An additional 24% of urban households have reached an earning capacity of over $5000/yr annually. This increase has been observed over a terms of 10 years. It has also been predicted and forecasted that a population of nearly 5. million would have already started following the ’Western’ levels of disposable income (i. e. gt;=$10,000/yr). Asian savings concept : As all Asians have a traditional trait of saving, the theory holds good even for the Chinese who have high saving rates (25%) versus the low but increasing credit access and dependency Consumption: The consumption formula for the Chinese is deduced as under : Consumption = 1st economic driver (which is over taken by the FDI) Western impact on the society and its lifestyles: In China, the social values and lifestyles are changing i. . westernisation is at its peak. Habits and attitudes such as foreign attributes and brand awareness, fashion trends and social purchases (vs. utile), mass consumption , materialism, individualism (vs. collectivism), independence (vs. loyalty) are vibrant in the country. Technological factors: Technological advancement in China reveals that the country has left no stone unturned to ensure growth and sophistication. The initial heavy investment n infrastructure from the coastal development to the present inward mainland expansion is a critical example of technical advancement. To quote other examples, the increasing usage of internet. The only constraint being in the access to controlled information. Environmental factors: Huge costs to be borne for environmental damages The concept of ’Energivor’ for economic development and a national reserve for a limited capacity Legal factors: some progressions and transparencies which still remain undone Property rights and intellectual property matters: The issuance of patents, copy rights, and counterfeits’ (legal ownership property and the legal concept which was introduced in 2007) Non conformity to ILO legislation and the international quality controls and standards Guanxi versus contractual obligation and corruption (3. 3 score, the transparency international index in 2006) ’Constitution being ambiguous on judicial review of legislation, has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction’ (cia. gov). This has resulted in low independency from the government. Micro Environnent: competition’s structure and analysis LV is far ahead of the competition in the luxury segment for fashion and leather goods and accessories across the world. Further, China has been considered as one of the first-movers since 1992. However, LV has to be mindful of the high levels of the competitive structure, which is currently striving. However, the striving competitive structure has not been effectively established in emerging markets. The current trends shaking or stalling the competition are: The diversification of luxury brands: By this we mean, the degree or the extent to which rivalry is increasing in every luxury segment especially in accessories and fashion goods era. The democratisation trend of the luxury industry: This has resulted in a subsequent erosion of the entry barriers. Indeed, upscale and mass consumption brands are ’trading up’ their products (‘masstige’, i. e. mass production + prestigious marketing strategy). However, it might be an opportunity to enlarge the customer base by increasing sales and by trading down. The after effects could be that the LV brand image might deteriorate.

Monday, November 25, 2019

16 Essays - Americas, Christopher Columbus

Myisha Hassan 10/31/16 Essays - Americas, Christopher Columbus Myisha Hassan 10/31/16 725 Social Studies Why we should not celebrate Christopher Columbus day Christopher Columbus was born in Italy, 1451 and was an explorer. In 1492, he sailed from Europe to America thinking that he had arrived in Asia. So every year, on the second Monday in October, the people in the United States celebrate a national holiday in memory of Christopher Columbus, the one who discovered the new continent. But Columbus did not 'discover' America. There were many people already living there. Vikings from Europe had landed in America 500 years before and Native Americans were living there too. So we are celebrating a holiday when Columbus claimed the land of others, helped bring diseases over, made the natives into slaves, and killed many innocent lives. Because Columbus brought disasters to the Native Americans, many people opposed the Columbus celebrations. They began to think whether Columbus Day should be considered as a national holiday in the United States. Clearly, Christopher Columbus is not a hero, but a mass murderer and should not have hi s own federal holiday. Many people who are not informed of what Columbus did, celebrate what they think he did. They think he discovered the Americas and made the world as it is today. That is not completely true. He came to the Americas and completely took over. He cut off people's hands and let them bleed to death. He also killed anyone in his way of getting gold, land, resources, and other materials that Europe needed. The main reason Columbus Day draws attention and debate is because of how the explorer's arrival to the New World affected indigenous people. European settlers not only introduced new diseases to the Americas that wiped out thousands of Native people, but also war, colonization, slavery, and torture. He was a greedy person who didn't treat the Native people as humans and converted them to Catholicism against their will. This is why October twelfth should be a day of sorrow and not be celebrated with parades and parties. However, there are many others that believe Columbus is a hero. "Many may argue that Columbus doesn't deserve to be celebrated and that he is a killer and rapist but what you call home today is because of Columbus." This can be true, but another European discovered the Americas 500 years prior, so someone other than Christopher Columbus knew there was more than just one land out there. Columbus and his gang did bring the Americas livestock and varieties of vegetables and fruit, but he also brought disease and treated the people wrong. Many others may also say that he did not start slavery because it dated back to Ancient Egypt. This is true but he had started slavery before and after his journey to the New World. He had sold Native Americans and Africans and nearly half of the slaves died during the journey to the Americas or Europe. He did not have to make these innocent people into slaves. He could have been friendly and created allies with the Natives. So, in other word s, Columbus chose the act of evil and enslavement of the kind Natives. He probably even created a bigger amount of slavery than Ancient Egypt. After all, no one celebrates Adolph Hitler Day in Germany using the argument that because he rescued the German economy, there should be a national h oliday in his name. The overall point trying to be made here is that Cristopher Columbus discovered the New World much like a meteorite discovered the dinosaurs. And good old Columbus, mass murderer, and slave master gets his own federal holiday. This is an honor shared by Abraham Lincoln and Martin Luther King Jr. and the father of transatlantic slave trade is honored on the same level as them. Christopher Columbus, as it turned out, was responsible for widespread genocide; he allowed his men to murder, hurt and enslave indigenous people. The evil actions of Columbus far outweigh the few accomplishments he achieved. Considering all of this, Columbus Day clearly shouldn't be a thing, and it's time to change it. So this day will never be an American tradition, it will always be a recent mistake. Original

Friday, November 22, 2019

A Report On The Maybank ATM Machines Information Technology Essay

A Report On The Maybank ATM Machines Information Technology Essay Today, it is the largest financial services group in Malaysia. Its extensive products and services include commercial banking, investment banking, Islamic banking, offshore banking, leasing and hire purchase, insurance, factoring, trustee services, asset management, stock broking, nominee services, venture capital and Internet banking. (http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) Maybank currently ranks among the top five banks in ASEAN, and is a Qualifying Full Bank (QFB) in Malaysia. For the convenience of Maybank customers, all Maybank’s 374 branch offices and more than 2,800 ATM machines are strategically located in both the business districts and suburban estates.( http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) Today, Maybank proudly stands above its peers as Malaysia’s flagship financial services group in a vibrant, strong and highly competitive banking and financial services landscape. Total assets of the Group stand at RM310.7 billion.( http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) 2.0 Internal Chiefly, the environmental factors are categorized into two different groups, they are internal and external. Internal factors are taken place within the boundaries of organisation. Specifically to the case of Maybank, there are few significant internal factors that they are subject to will be examined such as products and services, vision and mission, SWOT analysis, and Leadership. 2.1 SWOT analysis Strength – well known bank 374 branch offices in Malaysia. – more than 2,800 ATM machines – Correspondent banking relationship with 700 foreign banks throughout the world. – Strong performance where it was listed second largest in Malaysia Stock Exchange and Bursa Malaysia Weaknesses -Inefficient Service and poor customer Service. – Have to pay huge amount of money to stakeholder Opportunities -experts in the industry and shares their experience with the employee – Maybank have many other investments from other companies Threat – Economic slowdown li ke right now where stalling economies are bad for the banking sector Table 1.0 SWOT analysis 2.1.1STRENGTHS It is a well known bank where it have over 374 branch office and more than 2,800 ATM machines. Correspondent banking relationship with 700 foreign banks throughout the world. It also have diversity in product where they provide opening account, giving loan, credit cards, investment & insurance, and Islamic banking.(http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) Strong performance where it was listed second largest in Malaysia Stock Exchange and Bursa Malaysia and Maybank workforce come from a multifaceted background of skills, disciplines, experience and industry knowledge to create talented teams of idea generators. 2.1.2WEAKNESSES Inefficient Service and poor customer service, for example Maybank does not have bank systems be automated with built-in security features to verify their customer’s accounts and details without having to rely on a piece of physical paper with a signature. T his would make customer harder to replace card or change account if go to different branch. This kind of service is totally unacceptable in today’s competitive world where time equals money. Have to pay huge amount of money to stake where dividend payout ratio (of 60%) to the stakeholders. They set policy to pay dividend of 60% percent of their profit as the long term policy. (http://www.maybank2u.com.my/) 2.1.3OPPORTUNITIE Growth of existing market where Maybank is experts in the industry and shares their experience with the employee so by then they can expand further in the industry.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Journal entry 11, 12 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Journal entry 11, 12 - Coursework Example Students have a better understanding of texts if they understand the meaning of the words they read. Reference aids and dictionaries help student expand and intensify their knowledge of words (Armbruster, Lehr, and Osborn, 2006). The process of improving vocabulary is a simple, but at times complex process that requires repeated exposure to words. Evidently, small-group instruction is more beneficial than whole-group instruction for improving vocabulary. Phonemic awareness is essential for educators, as one has to hear, recognize, and manipulate individual sound (Armbruster, Lehr, and Osborn, 2006). In summary, an instructor should focus on specific needs of each student. It makes it easy for instructors to focus on the specific challenges in vocabulary that a child faces. Flexibility in application of EBPs is both useful and detrimental depending on the level of awareness of a student. At times, the ability to apply a strategy that relates specifically to improving vocabulary is effective, rather than concentration on disorders as a whole. Word reading ability and comprehension are two different challenges that students face, and it is essential that educators see them as separate entities (Cook and Cook, 2011). After tackling the issues separately, instructors and educators can implement the collaborative strategy (Boardman, Klinger, Boele, and Swanson, 2012), which involves summarizing information and peer discussion, to improve comprehension for students with learning disabilities. Fluency instruction is also useful for word recognition and comprehension (Armbruster, Lehr, and Osborn, 2006). The ability to recognize words means that one can concentrate in text comprehension and connect ideas in the text. Oral reading helps improve fluency, which translates to better understanding of text. Difficulties in basic reading skills often affect comprehension of expository text. Instructors should provide students with reading approaches that support active

Monday, November 18, 2019

Scenario Analysis Develop a training or college course Essay

Scenario Analysis Develop a training or college course - Essay Example In our discussion, we will critically analyze and present the efficient method that can be used to train a staff of a given business organization. Trainers should always work towards success and as argued by scholars, success of a teacher is attained through good performance and excellence of the students. Therefore, to achieve your goal, always ensure you reach the all class meeting the students’ expectations. Observation has been made that a good teacher is the one who understands their students hence coming up with conducive and convenient teaching program without ignoring any gender, age and class. The teacher should satisfy the whole class so as to ensure excellent results. Basing our argument on the case of the group of trainees given in this paper, it is right to understand the theories concerning with adult studies so as to make effective decision on how to tackle the varying group for good understanding. Age theory explains the fact that, individuals at different age are faced with different problems. They are exposed to various individual issues depending on the period of life at hand. People at the adult period of life are observed to be more concerned with their achievements in life and value of their culture. They appear to be more resistant to change and always fighting towards protection of their good values. Adult group according to age theory is observed to have great feeling of membership to their community (International Conference on Green Communications and Networks, Yang & Ma, 2013). This makes them more resistant to any idea that seems to violate and depleted their traditional practices. On the other hand, stage theory brings out the different stages that are undergone by an individual as they grow up. These theorists argued that, knowledge is never stagnant it is always in progress. They asserted that as individuals move from one level of life to another their knowledge becomes more and more. Therefore, adults will always want to

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Parenting styles Essay Example for Free

Parenting styles Essay 1.What are the different parenting styles used by families? Which do you think is better? Why? The three different parenting styles used by familes are authoritarian style, permissive style and democratic style. In my opinion, the better style of the three is the democratic style. Reason being, I believe kids should be disciplined and learn how to behave in a controlled environment for the future, but I also believe children should have their voices heard. I also believe that kids should make their own decisions in life because they wont have their parents their whole lives and need to learn how to live and make decisions on their own. The democratic style of parenting allows this to come into play. It is stern with the rules, but allows freedom for the children to make their own life choices, within reason. 2.What makes a person ready for parenthood? When should an individual consider entering parenthood? Who should postpone parenthood? Should everyone become a parent eventually? Do you think some people should not become parents altogether. A person whos ready for parenthood is one who has a stable job and income. One who can support the financial and emotional needs of a child and one who is ready to take on the responsibility of a life. An individual should consider taking on the task once they have a stable income, job and can provide for the child. One should also consider becoming a parent when he/she feels it is the correct time to do so. One should postpone parenthood if they feel as if they cannot be there 100% for their child. If they cannot financially support themselves, then they should not take on the responsibilities of caring for another life, especially one who cannot care for themselves. I don’t believe everyone should become a parent eventually. If you are not the caring and nurturing type of person and would not be  content with caring for another life, I do no think it would be a good idea to have a child. Some people are just not cut out for parenthood. Becoming a parent takes a lot of sacrifice. Whether it may be holding off on climbing the ladder of success or taking personal time away, parents are always sacrificing themselves for their children. If one is not ready for that type of commitment, then they should not enter the world of parenthood.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

The Human Genome Project (HGP) Essay -- sustainability of the human po

Has the Human Genome Project created viable mechanisms that enable or disable the sustainability of the human population? The definition of sustainability is â€Å"the ability to be upheld or defended† (Oxford South African Pocket Dictionary, 2006, p912.). The sustainability of the human population has been one of the most imperial factors in terms of our existence. From every realm of profession, thinkers all over the world have been looking for ideas that would give us a secure way to definitely increase our longevity. This is why I believe the discovery of the human genome has opened many windows of opportunities that securely sustain our existence due to providing information about terminal diseases. The discovery of the human genome has led to innovative methods that have provided the purest understanding of the human anatomy. In conjunction, the mapping of the human genome has created mechanisms that allow the human population to be less susceptible to diseases. The Human Genome Project (HGP) was as international biological research that was co-ordinated by the National Institute of Health and the U.S. Department of Energy in the year of 1990. The HGP had a primary goal of mapping out and sequencing the nucleotides that are present in the fundamental structure DNA, identify all the genes and develop faster methods of mapping out DNA. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Deoxyribonucleic acid is â€Å"a self-replicating material which is present in all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes; it is also the carrier of genetic information† (Oxford Dictionary online, no date). This structure is located in the nucleus and is made up of a sugar molecule (deoxyribose), a Phosphate molecule (P) and four nitrogenous bases: ad... ...ine] retrieved from: http://www.animalgenome.org/edu/doe/prim2.html [2014/05/07]. Time:01:08AM The Oxford South African Pocket Dictionary (2006). 3rd Edition. Oxford University Press. The American Heritage Dictionary (2013). 5th Edition. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt [online]. Retrieved from: http://www.yourdictionary.com/blastomere (2014/03/17) The Oxford English Dictionary [online]. Oxford University Press. Available from: http://www.oxford.co.uk The structure of DNA [illustration] http://images.flatworldknowledge.com/ballgob/ballgob-fig19_006.jpg Assessed: UCSC (2003) What is the human genome [online] Available: https://cbse.soe.ucsc.edu/research/human_genome Assessed (2014/03/15) Time: 10:00AM W. Gregory F., Alan E. G., Francis S. C. (2010). Genomic Medicine — An Updated Primer. The Journal of the American Medical Association. Volume 362. Pp. 2001-2011

Monday, November 11, 2019

Capitalism and United States Essay

There are many aspects of FDR’s New Deal that must be analyzed in order to determine if this collection of economic programs helped or hurt America’s effort in ending the Great Depression. The Great Depression caused both a decline in national moral and economic productivity unprecedented in United States history. The previously prestigious capitalistic economy was brought to its knees on Black Thursday in October of 1929. Roosevelt had taken office with the intent to quickly relieve a nation from Hoover’s â€Å"do-nothing approach† within his first 100 days as president. He knew he had to act fast in order to fulfill the demands of the people that could be, in part, credited because of their investments in the stock market with unstable funds. There was a rebellion in full swing. As recorded in A People’s History of the United States, â€Å"Desperate people were not waiting for the government to help them; they were helping themselves.†After the stock market crashed, the flaws in the capitalist system were more predominantly brought to surface. The system had been given a bad name among a growing socialist nation in times of desperation. To a socialist critic, the system could be depicted as unsound by nature; neglecting human needs in the pursuit of large corporate benefits. The New Deal was set in place to save capitalism from itself. In order to do this Roosevelt felt that passing a number of social programs would keep the market economy from, once again, self destructing. Through his efforts, Roosevelt had consequently formed class warfare. The faces of business leaders had become the faces of bloodthirsty, evil men which appealed largely to an American public looking for someone, something, or anything to blame for the pain they were going through. Finding that happy-medium between relieving the economic crisis of the American people and not giving the public something they could view as a government fall-back was something that the country had never had to deal with before on this large of a scale. Throughout Roosevelt’s implementation of his social programs concerns surfaced from conservative Americans. Roosevelt did not want welfare to be seen as â€Å"a narcotic, a subtle destroyer of the human spirit.† FDR’s New Deal, under a growingly socialist system, in ways got the country back on its feet and may have been the fix that America was looking for at the time. At the same time; however, it could have been the spark to the gradual lazy, entitled attitude that we experience today in the United States.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Introduction to working with children Essay

There are three different provisions that provide care and education to children. Upton Infant School is a statutory provision; they are funded by the government. Upton Infant School educates and cares for children from 4 years to 7 years of age. They follow the National Curriculum, and the EYFS. They support and work with the children and family by observing the children, and producing written or verbal feedback to the parents; this can be done by holding parent evenings. They are also supporting the children and parents by having fully trained SEN staff in the setting; so they help the children who require additional support. (Upton Infants’ School, 2012) The DEBRA charity is an organisation which supports and helps to find a cure to heal or help the children and families that are suffering from a generic skin blistering condition. This condition is called Epidermolysis Bullosa (EB). This is a voluntary organisation; this is funded by the public. They support and help children of all ages from birth. They provide emotional and physical support for families coping with EB. (DEBRA, 2008-2012) Private provisions are organisations that make profits from their services. Buckholme Towers in Parkstone; is an independent day school and nursery, which cares for both boys and girls from 3 to 12 years of age. They provide classes for individual learning. The staff quickly gets to know pupils so that their strengths and talents and be enhanced, and their weaknesses are developed upon. They provide a supportive environment this makes the children feel secure and ready for challenges of school life. They support families that have children with; Emotional Needs, ADHD, Dyslexia, Asthma and Serious Allergy’s. (Poole Family Information Service, 2012) There are various legislations in the UK that supports working with children, these are:- Health And Safety At Work Act 1974 Children’s Act 1989 Children’s Act 2004 Children’s Act 2006 Equality Act 2010 United Convention On The Rights Of The Child 1989 Data Protection Act 1998 The Children’s Act 1989 came into force in October 1990. It aims to help children in every situation; at home, at day-care, or in full time care. Some of the principles are that the welfare of the child is paramount and every child has the right to be free from neglect and abuse, every child should be brought up by their parents, if the child is in need, help and guidance should be provided. Both parents and professionals should consult the child when decision making. (Beaver, et al, 2008) Children’s Act 2004 promotes the five outcomes for the Every Child Matters (2003) legislation for every child; this was created because some of the points in 1989 were not being done. These five points are; 1. Be healthy 2. Stay safe 3. Enjoy and achieve 4. Make a positive contribution 5. Achieve economic well-being (Beaver, et al, 2008) The needs of the child and family are central in the Children’s Act 2006. Local authorities must improve the outcomes for children less than 5 years of age. This was created to focus on the children in question and their families. This is where the EYFS came into practice. This was introduced to support the delivery of quality of education and care in the early years. This Act also entitles parents to get the information they need. (Beaver, et al, 2008) The United Convention On the Rights Of The Child came into force in 1989. This Act contains 54 articles. All the articles were put into place to ensure every child enjoys health and education; every child should be within a caring family and have the right of survival. Every child should be protected from exploitation and abuse at all times and should have the freedom to have their voice and opinions taken into account on significant issues. (Beaver, et al, 2008) The Data Protection Act was put into place in 1998, to protect Information of individuals as this is confidential. Other than the care worker, the information can only be shared between the guardian or parent and the child in question. It is very important that you maintain confidentiality when working with children. This is important because it protect the child in question and the family. (Legislation, 2012) Principles and values are very important when working with children. Principles are a professional rule of action of conduct. Values are beliefs and ideas that are shared between groups of people that are from the same culture. This is important because it will give you an understanding of what is good or desirable and what is not. (Tassoni, et al, 2007) Through positive relations the children learn to be strong and to be independent. According in the EYFS (2012) every child is a unique child; they can have a strong character, confident and are self-assured. Enabling environments are essential in helping the children develop and learn. Every child learns and develops in a different way, every child should be treated equally, and their needs to be taken into account. The education and care of all the children in early year’s provision, including children with special educational needs and disabilities, are covered by this framework. Without a unique child, positive relationships and enabling environment’s there would not be any learning and development. The CWDC principles are to reinforce that the welfare of the child and young person is paramount. The safeguarding, learning and development is reflected in practice and service provision. Practitioners work closely with parents as they are very important in their child’s upbringing, recognising they are the children’s most important careers and educators. The values of CWDC are that every child’s individuality is valued and respected and celebrated. Also the children’s personal and physical safety is safeguarded, whilst allowing for risk and challenge as appropriate to the capabilities of the child. Self-esteem is very important to every child’s development. Also confidentiality and agreements about confidential information are respected as appropriate unless a child’s protection and well-being are at stake. Best practice requires a continuous search improvement and self-awareness of how workers are perceived by others. (Children’s Workforce Development Council, 2012). Inclusion and diversity is very important in respecting and valuing each child at a place setting. If this is done correctly it should build the child’s confidence and improve their concentration. This will also remove learning barriers; whether this is emotional or learning where a child may need extra support. (Beaver, et al, 2008) Everyone is different and entitled to their own opinions this means everyone should get treated equally, as they are a unique child, this complies with the EYFS curriculum (Moylett.et al. 2012) According to article.10 UNCRC states that every child has the rights to be able to be heard, valued and listened to. ‘The United Nations Convention On The Rights Of The Child, article 12, says that we must listen to the child’s view and take those views into account in any planning that effects the child’ (Fajerman,2001:12). Both `the children and the staff are benefitting by taking into account the views and the opinions of the child. This builds upon the child’s self-esteem, the children become independent, creative learners, this also makes them aware they have rights and that they do matter. This benefits the staff because they gain an increased awareness of children’s needs, rights and abilities. Also the parents will benefit from this by them feeling involved with their children’s development and their contribution to the setting. (Fajerman, 2001) An example of the place settings giving the children the freedom to express themselves and have their own opinions is at tea time or snack time; this enables them to be able to decide what they want to eat from a plate of food. This way the children will eat what they like and feel valued. According to an early years consultant Margret Collins (2006) children with low self-esteem are timid and are easily bullied. They struggle to take up challenges, and rarely reach their full potential, on some cases people with low self-esteem look at themselves as a failure! On the other hand children with high self-esteem embrace new challenges and see themselves as a success. Children with high self-esteem do usually have an excellent relationship with their teachers as they receive praise. From September 2008, The EYFS emphasis that every person who cares for the children, e.g. child minders and the EYFS practitioners under the age of five have to show the evidence of ‘Look, Listen, and Note’. This shows what development stage the children are at and what the children like doing, also this gives the practitioner a clear understanding of what the child can do or not and if the child needs extra support or not. By doing this you are treating the children like individuals. (Renouf, 2008). People have different opinions this gives them a sense of themselves and others around them. They can also see how individual everyone is. (Graham, 2002). The children will learn that other people have different opinions and feelings; this enables them to be sensitive to others. They will learn that every child believes and their personal views on things can vary, every child has the right to, and need to be treated with respect. Encouraging children to talk about their opinions and their feelings is important because this will build greater relationships with the child and you will be able to understand and help that child more. It is also important for the child to express what they like or dislike doing, and why. (Graham, 2002) There are many professional skills that will support you when working with children. Some of the professional skills are being an effective practitioner: this covers everything from being empathetic and sensitive to having effective communication skills, Being professional: this includes skills such as being reliable and an anti-bias approach, and ensuring you know your roles and responsibility; this involves putting the needs and rights of the child and the family first. (Beaver, et al.2008) Professional standards are essential in working with children; this covers all the professional standards that are needed to be an affective practitioner. Time keeping; is essential because this reflects well on you. Regular attendance is an individual responsibility; you also need to make sure you have everything with you to get the best out of the day. Appropriate dress code; this is important as this will show you have self-respect and that you value the children by not wearing anything inappropriate. It is very important that everyone in each setting understand the different ways of communicating with individual children’s needs. (Beaver, et al, 2008) It is important that everyone smells fresh, and they need to ensure they regularly wash their hands during the course of the day. Smoking is not allowed in public areas, due to a new law that has been recently created. Workers who choose to smoke should do this by going off site, and out of sight of parents and the children. (Beaver, et al, 2008) It is also a good idea to take in hoody or spare clothing so that you do not smell of smoke when you go back. You could also chew on gum, but remember to get rid of it before you go back to the children. All of this is being an effective role model. Study skills are important to being an effective practitioner. Basic needs are the most important one of them all. Without fulfilling your personal needs you will not be able to get the most from your experience and learn properly. Even looking at things like your health and mental health is important, as if you are ill, you are unable to learn to the best of your abilities and get the most from your day. (Northedge, 2005) Motivation is needed in childcare; this is what gets you through the days. Self-motivation comes from deep within, only you can motivate yourself, someone else can only inspire you to do something. By setting yourself little goals, you are able to achieve big goals. (Beaver, et al, 2008) Time management is also important, and this will need to be developed, you need to be able to manage your home life with your college life-try to keep these separate. You need to make sure you are realistic with your time scales to do something, and to be able to do them to your best abilities. (Beaver, et al, 2008) Note taking is important in studying as you will not be able to remember everything that you have learnt over the course of the day. (Beaver, et al, 2008) Planning is essential in childcare, without planning nothing will run smoothly and the days will be hectic. It is also important to plan your assignments this will help you complete it to the deadline. There are many things that learning environments provide to help their students achieve. There things such as learner support, they will help you to improve your work to a higher standard, they provide all sorts of help with your assignments they help you to plan them, they can proof read and check for spellings, and they can help you with referencing. (Beaver, et al, 2008) In childcare it is very important to develop and maintain appropriate relationships with the children, parents and other professionals. A practitioner’s role is to behave in a professional manner. (Tassoni, et al, 2007) Bowlby attachment theory, helps understand relationships, he understands the relationships between; children and carers, and parents and EYP. EYP’s now understand that there will be some children that need a little extra time to feel secure in the setting. This benefits the child because they become more independent and confident. EYP work in partnership with parents, and they should never undermine the relationship between the parent and child. By having a good relationship between the parent and EYP, will benefit the child, this will meet the child’s needs more effectively as the parent has the most knowledge of their child. (Tassoni, et al, 2007) By keeping the family informed about their child performance and any injury or discomfort will build trust. Building and maintaining relationships between colleagues, is essential. This can be done by sharing responsibility and duties equally. (Tassoni, et al, 2007) It is also important to share the information about the child you are about to work with, with the appropriate people. This also needs to be kept updated, by all the members that are working with that child. If there are any frictions between colleagues, the line manager will need to be contacted to help sort out such issues. (Tassoni, et al, 2007) Consistency is the key point in working with children, as you are a role model for children. The information the child receives from adults should be the same, this can have a negative effect on the children, as they pick up things like consistency and tension between parents, EYP, Colleagues and the children. (Tassoni, et al, 2007) Some children may need more than one organisation to help and support them and their families for any additional support. This is called multi-agency team. This consists of various professional that join their skills to help the children to the best of their abilities. It is a practical mechanism to deliver the integrated working required of public services by Every Child Matters, published in 2003, and by The Children Act 2004. (Beaver, et al, 2008) Multi-agency teams benefit the children because they receive tailor-made support for their needs. Some of the benefits of this is easier and quicker access to services and expertise, and reduced needs for specialist services. (Beaver, et al, 2008) Parents are also part of the multi-agency team, and their choices should also be respected and valued. E.g. parents may choose to discuss the situation to other professionals; this is their decision. (Beaver, et al, 2008) It is very unprofessional to discuss another child’s situation with other parents. Some parents find it very daunting for professionals to have contact with them on a daily basis. (Beaver, et al, 2008) Characterises of working with other colleagues and professionals in a multi-agency team are cooperation, this encourages the children to learn to work well with each other. Every team member needs to be consistent this is to ensure that everyone has the same approach of caring for children and working with their family. All members of the team should encourage, praise, stimulate, and support one another. Every member should share their ideas and aims and should feel respected; they should also feel a sense of belong. Every team member needs to be efficient, so all the skills of each individual can be used to the best of their ability. The responsibilities should be shared between every member in the multi-agency team. Workers need to be willing to learn and develop new ways of learning and thinking, and to balance out their weakness and strengths between them. It is also important you remain confidential within a multi-agency team, this shows that you respect your role and the child; you will also be complying with the Data Protection Act. (Beaver, et al, 2008) Common Assessment Framework (CAF) is a process to make sure that children needs are met in the most efficient and pro-active way. This is also a key component in the ‘Every Child Matters-change for children’ program. The CAF aim is to ensure every child receives the universal to which they are entitled and the additional services they need at the earliest opportunity. (Children’s Workforce Development Council 2008) Child-Centred approach is where the children get the freedom to experience, think, question, and research for their own answers. Nursery practitioners get to see how play develops between the children, and not telling them what to do. This enhances the children’s communication skills. This is the complete opposite of Adult-Led; this is where the adult’s initiates play. (Beaver, et al, 2008) The benefits of a Child-Centred approach are that the children get fully involved in activities and are proud of what they can achieve by themselves. They can actively explore the environment and enjoy playing with others. (Beaver, et al, 2008) Although some children find this situation awkward, as they believe the teacher should be in control, whereas others believe they are fully responsible for their play. (Beaver, et al, 2008) There can be issues with the parents too, as they believe children should not learn through playing they prefer their children to learn through literacy and numeracy skills. (Beaver, et al, 2008) Child-Centred approach links to the EYFS because every child is given the opportunity to choose what they want, this encourages every child to be unique. (Beaver, et al, 2008) The practitioners and teachers work in partnership to create a positive relationship and create and enabling environment for the children. The ‘Look, Listen and Note’ observation links to the adult led approach because you can have a better opportunity for observation this way. (Beaver, et al, 2008) The Reggio Emilia approach supports the child-centred approach; an approach based on children’s ideas, thoughts and observations they have gathered through the environment. This was founded by Loris Malaguzzi. (Beaver, et al, 2008) Reggio Emilia believed that the environment, in which the children learn, should be considered as a third teacher. (Wenex Technologies, 2006) Some of the characteristics of the Reggio Emilia approach are that the teachers work in pairs this is called ‘co-teaching’. ‘There is no staff structure, i.e. no head teacher; and staff such as cooks and assistants are regarded as equal with teachers.’ (Beaver, et al, 2008:251) ‘Teachers do plan and make preparations, but there is not a strict curriculum or timetable. Teaching and learning is allowed to evolve and unfold at the pace of the children and follows the interests they develop along the way’ (Beaver, et al, 2008:252) There is four main areas that are Important within your role, limits and boundaries these are; Health and Safety, managing children’s behaviour, child protection and confidentiality. (Tassoni, et al, 2007) It is everyone’s responsibility to ensure the child’s safety. It varies from a basic level by doing little things such as; shutting doors and gates behind you, to a more extreme level; what to do when there is a fire alarm. You also need to consider other aspects of physical safety; this includes things such as one of the children you are with has an accident or the child is unsafe. You will also need to follow policies on personal hygiene this could be simple things such as; wearing a uniform, tying your hair back, and using the supplied resources. (Tassoni, et al, 2007) It is essential to follow the settings policies and procedures, and the policies on hygiene. (Tassoni, et al, 2007) By following the policies and procedures you are reducing the risk of being accused of something such as neglectful behaviour or being in an abusive situation, it also ensures that everyone’s rights and responsibilities are respected, this also shows that the setting is running smoothly and everyone is doing what is expected of them. Having written policies is a requirement of OFSTED. (Tassoni, et al, 2007) It is very important to be aware of how different settings deal with managing children’s behaviour and where it is appropriate to intervene or when not to. (Tassoni, et al, 2007) Also it is important to observe how other professionals deal with the situation. Child protection is very important this will give you the knowledge of how to follow the correct policies to protect children from harm, and abuse. This is to ensure the child id receiving similar messages, so they can feel secure. (Tassoni, et al, 2007) Some children may tell practitioners things that are a cause of concern, this information should be immediately passed onto the appropriate people and no one else. Confidentiality is very important in -settings, as this protects the child and the families. (Tassoni, et al, 2007)

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Factors affecting Osmosis in Potato Tissue Essays

Factors affecting Osmosis in Potato Tissue Essays Factors affecting Osmosis in Potato Tissue Paper Factors affecting Osmosis in Potato Tissue Paper We will connect the calibrated gas syringe to the side armed flask. We will place the strip of magnesium ribbon into the side armed flask at the same time as putting in the bung and starting the stop clock. We will time how long the reaction takes until it is stopped and record the results. The only things we are changing are we are making is to make the magnesium ribbon a zig zag shape because when we had it straight we found that it didnt totally fit in the side armed flask so that it was all covered in hydrochloric acid. This meant that only one half of the magnesium was reacting. We couldnt fold the ribbon in half because then the insides of the magnesium could not react. The other thing we have changed is the length of the magnesium ribbon, so instead of being 4cms, it is 8cms. Fair test: There are several factors that we have to consider to make the experiments a fair test. These are: 1. Concentration of the hydrochloric acid 2. Temperature 3. Volume of the acid 4. Length, width, depth of the magnesium 5. Presence of a catalyst 6. Curled or straight magnesium The things that we must keep the same or change: 1. The concentration of the hydrochloric acid is the only thing that we change. 2. Temperature stays the same. 3. The volume of the acid stays the same. 4. The length and width and depth will all be the same, because we can measure the length and the width and depth will be the same because all our magnesium will be taken from the same roll of magnesium ribbon. 5. There will be no catalyst present. 6. We will have straight magnesium ribbon. Observations: We have drawn up the tables of the results we got from the experiments. We have also done graphs. The tables show the time against the volume of hydrogen, and the graphs show the same thing, with a best fit curve. We can see that when the curve on the graph goes up, the volume of the hydrogen is increasing, but the rate of reaction is decreasing. Results: Results table 1 (3 molar) Time (s) Volume of hydrogen (cm )1 2 3 average 2 Analysis: We did the experiment and we have made tables showing the time taken for the reaction, and the volume of hydrogen collected at each of these times. We also drew graphs showing the same thing and with a best fit curve. With the graphs it is possible to find the volume of hydrogen collected at any time, not just at the times which we measured. We can do this by going up to the curve at the time we want to find the volume of hydrogen for (e. g. 7 seconds) and then going across to find the volume of hydrogen at that time. We found the rate of reaction using the graphs. We drew a tangent to the graph right at the beginning as it is the initial rate that we are interested in. Then we joined the lines to make a triangle. Then using rise over run, we found the gradient, which tells us the rate of reaction. E. g. : Experiment 1: Rate of reaction = rise = 46. 5 = 1. 86 run 25 Concentration (molar) Rate of reaction 1 1. 86 1. 5 5. 38 2 7. 88 2. 5 15. 0 3 35. 6 I then drew another graph on which I plotted the concentrations against the rate of reaction. I drew a best fit curve which went through all the point, except two of them. At 1. 5 the point was just above the graph and at 2. 5 the point was below the curve. I put this down to experimental error. Points read off the graph: Rate number Point read of on the x axis (concentration of acid) Point read off on the y axis (rate of reaction) R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 My prediction was that if we doubled the concentration of the hydrochloric acid then the reaction rate would double. We are going to use a range of 3 to 1 molar so we have two doubles which are 1 and 2 and 1. 5 and 3. This means that our results will be directly proportional. From looking at our results, and the table of concentration and rate of reaction, we can see that the rate of reaction did not double when the concentration doubled. This is because the formula for this experiment is: Mg + 2Hcl MgCl + H There is one magnesium particle reacting with two hydrochloric acid particles. It is not possible for three particles to react at the same time, so the magnesium reacts with the first hydrochloric acid particle and that rate of reaction is doubled. Then the ones which have just reacted, reacts with the second hydrochloric acid particle, and that rate of reaction is also double, so it makes it quadruple. We can see that in my results the first doubled concentration (one and two) quadrupled. This means that my prediction is partially correct because I said that the results would be directly proportional, and they are. The second doubled concentration (1. 5 and 3) have not doubled, or quadrupled so they do not agree with what my prediction says. This means that there must be some experimental errors in these experiments, as the first one did partially agree with my prediction. I will talk about these experimental errors in my evaluation. Evaluation: We got these results by doing each experiment three times. We did each one three times because it is a lot more accurate to repeat each one, that to just do one experiment. This is because if we had only done one experiment and we had made a mistake which we didnt know about, then the results would have been wrong. By repeating the experiments three times we can check to see that all three sets of results are relatively similar, as well as taking an average to plot the points on a graph. It would have been more accurate however, to repeat each experiments more times for example we could have repeated each one five times instead of three. There is some experimental error. There are some reasons for this. We used an 100cm measuring cylinder, and the error of this is always plus or minus 1cm . To make this more accurate we could have used a burette. This is more accurate and the error is only plus or minus 0. 1cm . We can see from the five graphs that we have drawn, that there are some anomalous results. We do not have very many anomalies which mean that the experiments were quite accurate. In graph 2 there is an anomaly at 9 seconds. It is just below the curve so it could have occurred because there was just slightly too little hydrochloric acid to make up the right concentration, in one of our three repeats of this experiment. This would mean that it brought the average down for this time. There is another anomaly in graph 3 which probably occurred for the same reason. There are however other reason why these anomalies may have occurred. The magnesium ribbon, although always the same length, may not be the same width and also may not have weighed the same. There are also two anomalies on the graph on which I plotted rate of reaction against concentration, at 1. 5 molar and 2. 5 molar on the x axis. These are dues to some sort of experimental error. Another reason is that possibly the concentration of the hydrochloric acid was slightly different each of the three times we repeated each experiment. With the highest concentrations of hydrochloric acid, the reaction was over very fast, and the initial rate, which is what we are most interested in, was so fast that it was hard to measure the volume of hydrogen collected at exactly regular intervals. We might have been a fraction of a second out and that would have made a lot of difference to each individual result. I think that it altogether the procedure used to carry out the investigation is quite accurate and suitable. There are thing which could have been done to improve it. There are many limitations to this experiment because it is difficult to be exact with such limited apparatus. It is difficult to put the magnesium into the hydrochloric acid at the same time as putting the bung in and starting the stop clock. This means that some of the magnesium may already have reacted with the hydrochloric acid before it was possible to put the bung into the side armed flask. To find out more relevant information, we could have used a wider range of concentrations as then we could have seen more proof of our prediction being partially correct. I think that altogether the results are quite good and accurate because I have so few anomalies, and this is proof that it is quite accurate, because we can see where the inaccuracies are (where there are anomalies) and there arent many. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Patterns of Behaviour section.

Monday, November 4, 2019

Reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 35

Reading response - Essay Example In respect to James Winthrop believe, the constitution needs a bill of right, because it will serve different purposes in securing people. Unlike the local laws, a bill of rights will secure the minority against the majoritys tyranny and usurpation. Currently, with the application of the current constitution mankind experience has proved the prevalence of disposition to use and apply power wantonly. As a result, Winthrop sees the need of including bill of rights to defend people from the majority just as protecting the king in a monarchy. Ramsay and Winthrop in elaborating how the principle of representation operates in America differ. Ramsay Winthrop claims that in order to promote people happiness, there should be local laws made by individuals who are subject to them. On the other hand, Ramsay claims that the constitution or the involvement of local laws hinders individual’s freedom because are made on the political

Saturday, November 2, 2019

MARKETING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MARKETING - Essay Example Conformity may engender a force that in itself threatens to destroy the essence of competition. For competition requires the creation of differential advantage. But competing institutions have a tendency to become alike and to imitate each other, and thereby eradicate the differences that comprise the essence of competition The main opportunities are reduced prices and increased international operations, improved service quality and low barriers to trade. Thus, the main threat is negative publicity and critique of fast food industry and obesity problems caused by restaurants like MacDonald’s (Macdonald’s Home Page 2009). Modern technology is the necessary and sufficient condition for the creation of mass culture. Our society with its mass culture emphasizes higher standards of living and expanding expectations. But this massification has been assailed. Ours has been termed the homogenized, Philistine society. The mass media, television, movies, newspapers, and magazines, which are among the tools of market communication, have been proclaimed the purveyors of a mass culture that has a relatively low common denominator. The tendency to conformity is tempered by dynamism and change. Marketing analysts should be well aware of the significance of sociological factors; they have been described as socio-graphics. Predictions of them give indications of the dimensions of future markets. 2. VALS typology is an interesting and useful tool to analyze customer-based strategies and evaluate their strengths and drawbacks. Thus, this typology is not accurate and objective as it describes only eight types of buyers and market segments. Buyer behavior is more complex that it is described by VALS typology. Economists and marketing people seem to have differing perspectives on the value of life-style concepts and findings. In most economic studies (although these are exceptions), the life style of a