Hanoi and Dear Tom

Topic1: compose a postcard to your companion, delineating for him/her about where you spend your vacation Dear giap, This is an image of MyKhe sea shore. It is beautiful,in the ocean sight looks romanticly. The sun shone when I and my father were taking a stroll on the sea shore. Despite what might be expected, when it rise (rose) (sentence structure), the sparkle of day break was stunning brilliant red however it was not extraordinary warmth. At the point when the sun started to show up, simultaneously I had (bo 1 had) (tense) breakfast with shrimps which are enormous and new. Food was modest and delightful. Resorts was(were) agreeable and helpful as my home. I am glad and wish you were here with me.I trust we would meet each other soon. Topic2: Kumiko ia a Japanese understudy who visits HCM city on an investigation visit. She compose a postcard to her companion at home delineating for him/her about the city and how she lives and studies Dear Kazuko, How right? I trust you and your family are well. I’m doing a VietNamese language course. I meet a few focal points and drawbacks when coming to live and concentrate here. The principal hindrance, I got troubles when speaking with numerous individuals since everybody communicates in VietNamese. At that point, I reach(reached) (tense) stalemate about searching for settlement on the grounds that HCM city is very crowded.I still miss the Japanese food albeit VietNamese nourishments are flavorful and modest. I despite everything don't adjust to them ( I don’t comprehend what you mean). Here, Pho is the most famous food among the populace. I recongnize Pho is for the most part normally had for breakfast. I additionally like it, (I like it, too)especially Pho Ga (Pho with chicken). Be that as it may, there are a few favorable circumstances. I meet(met) some Janpanese cohorts. Also, teachers are exceptionally enthusiastic. I can ask them inquiries at whenever. Next to, VietNamese schoolmates are cordial and they help me to such an extent. Viet Nam has numerous extraordinary things so I wish you will visit VN on close day.See you soon Topic3: you are traveling to another country for study. Compose a letter to him/her to bid farewell letting him know/her how feel on heading the news. Dear Tom, It is a decent astonishment to hear that I am traveling to another country for study. This is superb news (sentence structure) yet I miserable as well as qualmish and stress in spite of the fact that I’m happy,too (incomprehensible: lung cung va mau thuan). Do you know the motivation behind why? I am cheerful in light of the fact that it was(is) the open door I had been(was ) hanging tight for. I’ll be(bo tobe) drew closer with new training which (to)improve my insight. I’ll have a superior confirmation however I am worry(worrying). In what capacity will I live alone in a far country?I am miserable and qualmish on the grounds that I don’t need to be away from my little f amily, my companions and pretty neighbors. I don’t know how I will begin new life? I fear crying and missing everything. Hic! I am going to bid farewell to you! Care for yourself! I trust the time will quick slip by . (I will) return with you and everybody on winter occasion. Make a decent attempt!!! See you soon. Topic4: Last Sunday you didn’t go out in light of the fact that it came down the entire day along. Compose a letter to your companion what you did on that day. Dear Tom, You know, last Sunday I expected to visit you however it was pouring down like there's no tomorrow so I needed to remain in throughout the day long.I needed to discover something to do. Right off the bat, I tidied up my room since it was grimy and chaotic. Afterward, I prepared lunch with my Mum. We completed soon, a supper of lunch was tasty with Pho hamburger. My Dad commended us. I felt cheerful and warm. After lunch my more youthful sister helped me washing dishes. After that I returned t o my room and sat in front of the TV however there was no intriguing chanel. I read ceaselessly the novel which I like best and I felt sleeping. Toward the evening , I got up when it was all the while pouring . I played game online with my quite more youthful sister.It was soon dim and after I had dinner(As soon as, my family eaten after) I did a few schoolworks (sentence structure). At the point when I had completed it I tuned in to music. I heard the song† My heart will go on†. The tune that you and I like best. I trust, next Sunday it won't downpour and I guarantee I will visit you. Topic5: you are hosting a birthday get-together. Compose a letter to welcome a companion to the gathering Dear Tom I am hosting a supper get-together on Saturday. It is on November, seventh . I wonder in the event that you are free on that day? Since regular you are occupied for your considering. We have not conversed with one another about(in) two weeks.However that day is a night of end of the week so I trust you will give me a brief period to take an interest in my birthday celebration. You will be the most uncommon visitor. We will have numerous things to talk together. You know, I made a unique arrangement for this significant gathering. I will hold a gathering in my pretty nursery. The menu has five dishes that I wager you’ll like them since I ‘ll cook them without anyone else. They are shrimp soup, broiled hamburger, grilled meat, Indian curry, noodles and snails. After that we will move and talk together in a(an) intriguing room that I will have finished it. I welcome just twenty individuals. I am anticipating your presence.See you at that point. Subject 6: compose a letter to tell your sibling/sister/companion what you will do next Sunday Dear Tom, Guess what! Next Sunday I am going to visit a few places that I had made arrangement. Since I have not been acceptable as of late. It was seven days in length trip. First(firstly), I’ll go to H a Noi capital where visit some closest companion. On a similar event I will eat fresh shrimp baked good. That food I go to Ha Noi. I consistently eat without fail( lan nao toi cung a mon banh tom). Despite the fact that Banh Tom is accessible pretty much wherever in our nation yet it is the best to have it at Ho Tay eatery on the banks of Truc Bach lake.Besides, I am attached to eating Trang Tien ice. After I will visit uncle Ho gallery. The remainder of 3 days I will go to Hai Phong city. The city is well known with the period of colorful. There are numerous avenues full ostentatious( nhung khu pho o day rop. mauvang cua hoa fuong? ). Come here, I just go to Do Son sea shore. The landscapes are extremely sentimental and excellent. They cause me to feel easily. I will take numerous photos to make memory. See you soon Topic7: compose a letter to welcome your companion to a gathering Dear Giap Can we get together for a gathering on Monday at 2p. m, if that’s conceivable? How ar e you and your family?What the issue with all the fixings. I wonder would you say you are free con that day? Quite a while back we don’t have opportunity to know together. I trust you will attempt to go to the gathering. First we will gather at my home. We can hold a little gathering outside on the off chance that you need. My home has a truly little nursery. I believe that is a smart thought. Do you concur with us? We’ll talk individually about everything( chung ta se noi cho nhau biet ve moi thu cua tung nguoi quip). After we will visit a few instructors at senior secondary school. I wager with you that day our cohorts are full. So you should orchestrate the significant meeting.In specific, if screen absents from the gathering you will be shun. I trust meeting you the sooner the better. Theme 8: a kid/young lady has simply send a present on your birthday. You compose a thank you letter Dear Giap, It was pleasant of you to give me a present on my birthday. I wonder fo r what reason do you know my birthday. You made me felt suddenly and more astonishment it was a thing that I like best. You know, amazingly! It was delightful and progressively awesome when I got it on my birthday. I upbeat as well as be moved. I don’t realize how tell thank you for this a unique present?I just tell thank you so much for sure. I will visit you on close to day, when I can. I wager we will have numerous things to talk together. Especially, you should reveal to me the motivation behind why do you know my birthday? See you soon. Topic9: A companion of yours has purchased another house in HCM city and needs to know something about the town he. she will live. Compose a letter to let him know. her what's in store. Dear Tung, I realize you have quite recently purchased a little house in my city I think you are new to the environmental factors when your family move here. You need to know something about the city you are presently going to live. I live here rather long .So I know a few points of interest and weaknesses when living in a major city and swarmed as HCM. HCM city is one of the most significant and present day in Viet Nam. Issue of instruction for your youngsters is simple. What's to come is themselves and examining is the most significant thing. Here, you can search for everything without any problem. On the off chance that you have great capability you will go after position easily,too. What's more, your advancement isn’t troublesome. Nonetheless, this city has a few drawbacks. For example, populace is packed on the grounds that the air isn’t clean. Waterways is dirtied and smell felid. I said that it is packed in light of the fact that you are consistently get caughtin the times of heavy traffic traffic.The cost is costly. The expense of everything is in every case consistently increment. As I would like to think, you can purchased protection for things that you need. Other than you can store your investment funds in ba nk on the off chance that you need to guarantee for your family. Do you plan to settle in HCM city? What is your opinion about HCM city? Possibly your new house is pleasant, I suspect as much. I’ll visit you on close to day and expectation your family and mine have a gathering. I expect the individuals in your family become acclimated to new life rapidly. To wish your family bliss. To meet again the sooner the better. Topic10: you have a letter from a companion who said she/he would be going to your city.Write 80 words. How would you do when your family come. Dear Tom, I’m so happy to get notification from you. It is uplifting news that you may be in my city for a couple week’s time and visited me. At the point when you go to my city I will get you at the Quang Ngai station. You don’t stress over inn. My home has numerous rooms and I prepaired a space for you. You just come here movement easily. I will lead you go to the My Khe sea shore and Thien A mount ain. We can take a few photos to make memory. Would you like to visit Dung Quat wharf? It’s enormous and lovely. I’ll lead you go to visit Vina

50 College Problems Every Student Will Understand

50 College Problems Every Student Will Understand While there are unending school issues that each understudy will comprehend, here are the best 50 that most of us have needed to manage, or as of now are. Social clumsiness and the individual difficulties to conquer it. The exceptional constrain that originates from family to exceed expectations and succeed; to settle on colossal decisions under coercion. Gaining weight in the principal half of green beans year, at that point battling like hellfire to get it off before summer. Being compelled to take elective classes or different sorts of classes that have literally nothing to do with your picked vocation way. The cost of school doesn't rise to the value of a degree to any rational degree. BTW, we realize how to diminish costs for credits. The strain to date during school, regardless of whether it’s not a need. That it is so difficult to intrigue teachers and assemble important associations with them. That it is so hard to compensate for early GPA botches. Expositions Every. Single. Day. All things considered, with this one we can help. Being the just one in your whole residence building that’s concentrating on a Friday or Saturday night. Shuffling such huge numbers of obligations without a moment's delay. Managing the strain to drink excessively or do things that are useless just to dazzle individuals. Exploring school social culture when all is said in done. Tuning in to individuals groan and gripe about their classes excessively. Inadvertently getting marked with an inappropriate group. At the point when all the seats at the talk are taken, so you’re compelled to stop it in the walkway. Joining late for classes you truly need and discovering their full. For what reason is the school site so confounding and difficult to explore? Stopping is excessively costly! Flat mates from damnation that you’re stayed with for an entire year. Dormitory corridor screens with power trips and a self image issue. Teacher’s pets that make it difficult to remain centered in class. Facebook, Insta, Snapchat. At the point when you picked an inappropriate college, and it ends up being simply a costly and celebrated junior college. Excessively sexual flat mates that are either continually having intercourse or jerking off. Individuals that scarcely need to do anything or study they despite everything show signs of improvement grades. Teachers that carry their own issues with them to class and your evaluation winds up addressing the cost. Flat mates that consistently leave for the end of the week yet neglect to kill their caution for Saturday mornings. At the point when all endeavors to get some quality concentrating in at the library transforms into simply a gauntlet of people viewing. It’s a senior year, you despite everything still can't seem to like your major. The class sounded so magnificent, yet then it worked out that the educator has this weird complement you can scarcely comprehend. Having to really consider when you concentrate abroad. That one day you stroll to class looking your most horrible, and each provocative individual nearby happens to walk the other way. At the point when you burn through many dollars on books just to at that point wind up dropping out of the class since it wasn’t what you thought. You’re in school, and you turn 21, yet you’re so broke you can’t even stand to purchase a six pack. The measure of obligation most alumni need to manage after school. The present place of employment market of the cutting edge world is upsetting, but there is more weight than any other time in recent memory to get the regular old degrees. Being up to speed in different people’s school relationship and school show to the point that it begins to hinder your own school understanding. At the point when you burn through all Sunday packing for a test you thought was on Monday yet that day ended up being an occasion, or the educator drops class. At the point when you sense that you should feature pretty much each and every sentence in the book. At the point when what you thought was a major city school ends up being the main thing around. When you’re in an abstract class considering emotional things yet the teacher goes about as thought their feelings are all inclusive. Friday night and early Monday morning classes are the most noticeably awful. Dismissal letters that just won’t quit coming and truly have neither rhyme nor reason. Lease. Tuning in to individuals continue endlessly about their encounters while concentrating abroad, none of which can be demonstrated. Lease a-cops giving understudies trouble. Managing the money related guide office. Cafeteria food is excessively stuffing however tastes so great. Look at certain plans for simple to prepare nourishment for understudies. At the point when everybody realizes that individual you revere is a finished failure. Such a significant number of issues, some more interesting and more irritating than others, can spring up. What do you believe, is there anything we missed? What sorts of school issues would you say you are handling and how could you defeated them?

Wernickes Area Location and Function

Wernicke's Area Location and Function Theories Cognitive Psychology Print Wernickes Area Location and Function By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on October 28, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on October 28, 2019 More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Wernickes area is the region of the brain that is important for language development. It is located in the temporal lobe on the left side of the brain and is responsible for the comprehension of speech, while Brocas area is related to the production of speech. Language development  or usage can be seriously impaired by damage to Wernickes area of the brain. When this area of the brain is damaged, a disorder known as Wernickes aphasia  can result, with the person being able to speak in phrases that sound fluent yet lack meaning. Location While the location of Wernickes area is sometimes displayed visually as being in the left cerebral hemisphere near a large groove known as the lateral sulcus, the exact location of this region is still debated. Wernickes area is usually thought to be located in the back part of the temporal lobe, although the exact location can vary. It is most frequently found in the left hemisphere of the brain, but not always. Brain Anatomy Lobes, Structures, and Functions How Wernicke’s Area Was Discovered Early neuroscientists were interested in discovering where certain abilities were localized in the brain. This localization of brain function suggests that certain abilities, such as producing and understanding language, are controlled by certain parts of the brain. One of the pioneers of this research was a French neurologist named Paul Broca. During the early 1870s, Paul Broca discovered a region of the brain associated with the production of spoken language. He found that damage to this area resulted in problems producing language. Broca described how one patient known as Leborgne could understand language although he could not speak aside from isolated words and a few other utterances. When Leborgne died, Broca conducted a postmortem exam on the mans brain and found a lesion in an area of the frontal lobe. This area of the brain is now referred to as Brocas area and is associated with the production of speech. About 10 years later, a neurologist named Carl Wernicke identified a similar type of problem in which patients were able to speak but were not able to actually comprehend language. Examining the brains of patients suffering from this language problem revealed lesions at a junction of the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. This region of the brain is now known as Wernickes area and is associated with the understanding of spoken and written language. Wernickes Aphasia When Wernicke’s area is damaged by trauma or disease, a language aphasia can result. An aphasia is an impairment of language that affects an individuals ability to comprehend and produce both spoken and written communication. This type of aphasia is known as Wernickes aphasia but is also sometimes referred to as fluent aphasia, sensory aphasia, or receptive aphasia. Wernickes aphasia is a language disorder that impacts language comprehension and the production of meaningful language due to damage to the Wernickes area of the brain. According to the National Aphasia Association, people with Wernickes aphasia can frequently produce speech that sounds normal and grammatically correct. The actual content of this speech makes little sense. Non-existent and irrelevant words are often included in the sentences that these individuals produce. Symptoms of Wernickes aphasia include: Making up meaningless wordsProducing sentences that do not make senseSpeaking in a way that sounds normal but lacks meaningDifficulty repeating words or phrases  Being unaware of problems with speech Individuals with Wernickes aphasia have difficulty understanding spoken language but are able to produce sounds, phrases, and word sequences. While these utterances have the same rhythm as normal speech, they are not a language because no information is conveyed. This type of aphasia affects both spoken and written language. In order to better understand how damage to Wernicke’s area affects language, it might be helpful to view  a video clip  of an individual with Wernicke’s aphasia. The National Aphasia Association estimates that around 25â€"40% of people who have had a stroke also experience some type of aphasia. Strokes are one of the most common causes, but Wernickes aphasia can also be the result of traumatic brain injury, neurological disorders, brain tumors, and brain infections. Modern Views It was originally believed that Wernickes area was responsible for making meaningful speech, while Brocas area was believed to be responsible for actually turning speech into comprehensible vocalizations.   Today, researchers understand that language comprehension and production is a complex process that involves a network of different regions of the brain. For example, studies suggest that Wernickes area plays a role in the comprehension of meaningful speech as well as a part in speech production itself.   Not only that, evidence suggests that damage to Wernickes area of the brain does not always result in problems with language comprehension. Based on such evidence, it is clear that language involves more than just one or two different regions of the brain. Left Brain vs. Right Brain: The Surprising Truth

effect of gangsterism - 1557 Words

2.0 Effect of Gangsterism Gangsterisms is a social phenomenon that occurs widely among the youth in our country. With the rapid rise of this problem, gangsterisms have much negative impact on individuals, families, and communities. 2.1 Individual In term of individual, student who involves themselves with gangsterism will face bad consequences in their life including having a dark future. Thus, their future might be threatened due to the result of their behavior. Most probably they will be detained because somehow they able to create chaotic scene in their surroundings. This will also affect their life as they unable to perform their study in higher level and they might spend their teenage years in juvenile school or†¦show more content†¦She would remind him of the effects his lifestyle is having on her and his younger brothers, though he ignored her. Once, however, there was a retaliation attack on his family home after he fought with another gangster. The rival gang threatened his mother with death and trashed his family s home. This incident was SB s first experience of the dangerous consequences that being a gangster could have for one s family. As a gangster, his mother s voice stayed in his head, admonishing him about his lifestyle. My mother s voice, yes ... Her voice was the only voice that even now helps. She was always there, even when I went to jail. She would always talk, even scold, and say I am not putting you out because you are a gangster, it is because I do not agree with what you do.’ (Daniels, Doria and Adams, Quinton. July 1, 2010: 45-60) By the conduct of themselves, their families gangster actors also get impact. The community will lose faith in the family, but the family s honor is scratched with teen action like menconteng arang ke muka . This may affect the future of other siblings and even worse if the affected family members who are emotionally and unable to handle the pressure from society. This problem will persist in the long term to be restored. Sub-economic areas, where gangsterism is the most prevalent and problematic, are good training grounds for would-be gangsters. In most instances, both parents are either unemployed or both are working, leavingShow MoreRelatedArticle 4: Gangsterism among Teenagers in Malaysia Theme The theme discussed in this article500 Words   |  2 PagesArticle 4: Gangsterism among Teenagers in Malaysia Theme The theme discussed in this article is gangterism among teenagers. Regarding to the title of the article, crime and violence is threatening the well-being of the young people in Malaysia. The gangsterism behavior such as theft, vandalism, burglary, rape and even murder are reported on school grounds. The article also showed that the reasons why teenagers joining gangsterism. 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It also lessens the impact of crime on victims, as well as the destructive effects of imprisonment, particularly on young offenders and those who have committed petty crimes. Crime prevention improves the quality of life in communities, which in the long term helps create a safer environment. What should happen in order to achieveRead More`` The Epic Of America `` By James Truslow Adams1019 Words   |  5 PagesDream†. Throughout many years, it took many generations of newcomers to become more respected and earn the equality, and the right to live Prohibition and Great Depression 1920s 15th January 1920. The following day, Prohibition would go into the effect throughout the United States. The manufacture, transport and sale of alcohol made illegal across USA through the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution . Even though the Prohibition gained supporters in America, and many believed, that alcohol wasRead MoreCaning: Education and Students1432 Words   |  6 Pagessolve with indiscipline problems? This is because caning could give more negative effect than the positive effect. What is the negative effect will occurs if caning is being used in schools continuously. The negative effect of caning on students are student’s mentally effects,student’s physically effect and increase more discipline problems. Firstly, the negative effect of caning on students is student’s mentally effect. Student who are be cane will be a traumatic person. For example, they will be afraid

The Unjust American Freedom - 1447 Words

The Unjust Freedom The way the Americans gained independence may not be as valiant as it seems. The war lacked just war criteria despite many arguments. The idea was foolish and unnecessary and proved the lack of development amongst this young territory. Many factors lead to this premature uprising and the French and Indian War is a great reason for most of those factors. The decision by the American colonists to revolt against British rule was premature and overly aggressive. The American plea for a Revolution did not meet the criteria of a just war. The factors for a just war are as follows: probability of success, last resort, proportionate cause, comparative justice, competent authority, just cause, and right intention (Keown American). For a war to be just, the war must meet all of the criteria for a just war. Though it’s hard to name a war that met all of the just war criteria, it is just as hard, if not harder to name a war that was justified. 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The poor people begging on the streets could be strippedRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King s Letter From Birmingham Jail955 Words   |  4 Pagesactions and those who urged him to call off the demonstrations. Martin Luther King Jr. Birmingham Jail is important because, he explains the reasons for the non-violent demonstrations, he shows that black people are intelligent, and he criticizes the unjust laws of black people. Eight Alabama Clergymen were expressed understanding that honest opinions in racial matters could properly be followed in the judges, but urged that decisions of those courts should in the meantime be peacefully obeyed. ResponsibleRead MoreFrederick Douglass : African American Freedom Struggle888 Words   |  4 PagesFrederick Douglass became a vital figure for the African American freedom struggle during the 1860’s with the help of the abolitionist movement. Before becoming a famous spokesman Douglass was just like every other African American slave, attempting to find a way to freedom. Douglass’ runaway slave status quickly changed when abolitionist bought his freedom in hopes to strengthen the abolitionist movement. Since abolitionists were able to recognize Douglass’ intellectual abilities it made him a keyRead MoreTechnology Is The Key Factor For Future Generations971 Words   |  4 Pagesfire with sticks instead of where we are today creating advanced te chnology that would help educate the minds of many for future generations to come. Education brings us knowledge, from knowledge we gain power, with power we can create justice and freedom; yet without it we would just remain the color of the indigo plant. Ask yourself how one can tell another a fact or news if they were not knowledgeable on the information. To be knowledgeable would to me to have been educated on a certain topic or

Fundamentals of Macroeconomics Paper Free Essays

Jerry L. Robinson ECO/372 JUNE 07, 2012 CHAD McDermott Fundamentals of Macroeconomics Paper Gross domestic product: is the value of all goods and services produced in a country in any given year or specific time period. This is measured in dollar amounts and basically the higher the GDP, the better the economy is for that country. We will write a custom essay sample on Fundamentals of Macroeconomics Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Real gross domestic product: is nominal Gross domestic product that has been adjusted for inflation. This means that the quantity of goods and services must have the converted values for the prices to be made at the market price. The market price also sets the importance of how things will be purchased on the market. Nominal gross domestic product: is Gross domestic product that is calculated at existing prices. That means that the GDP is affected when the economy does when the output is measured for inflation. This is when prices for goods and services are either going to be higher or lower because of inflation. Unemployment rate: is the total percentage of workforce, who is unemployed and looking for a paid job. When the unemployment rate is up then there are less jobs out there for the people that are looking for employment. This in turn affects the businesses that had to lay off the workers due to low productivity; this also has an effect on the government because unemployment benefits aren’t taxable. Inflation rate: is the rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services are rising over a period of time. Inflation rate can also affect how families operate on a daily basis, inflation rate goes up, prices go up and the spending goes down. People don’t shop as much when the inflation rate has gone up, because the value of the dollar doesn’t go as far when the inflation rate has risen. Interest rate: The interest rate is the amount that a person pays back over and above the principle that has been borrowed from a lending institution. Most banks will lend you money at a low interest rate for a number of different things, it can be a low interest rate for a home, a car, or even to start your own business. Low interest rates, also affects the companies that build the factories that produce the jobs for us. The purchasing of groceries is an important economic activity that affects our government in many different ways. Because when our families go to the grocery store to make the groceries that feeds our families, we give the grocery store cashier our cash and they give us a receipt and our groceries, this is just one of the economic activities that are very important to our economy. This activity effects our government because this is a transaction that is taxed and whenever there is a transaction made that is taxed, this effects the government. The government is the regulators or approving authority of what is taxed and where the tax money goes. Massive layoff of employees is another one of our economic activities that’s very important to our economy as well, these particular activities can and does affect a variety of economic grow in our country and around the world. When the massive layoffs begin, this does a number of things really fast, if you have no job, you have no income to do the grocery shopping for your family. If you can’t do the grocery shopping for your family, then the government doesn’t get the taxes from the purchasing of your groceries. If the government does get the taxes from the purchasing of your groceries, that means the stores aren’t making the money that they would usually make due to the massive layoff of employees. Also the factories that gave the massive layoffs will give employee the pink slip so that they can file for unemployment, when they apply for the unemployment benefits, they government will not get the taxes from the unemployment benefits because this isn’t taxable. So basically, massive layoffs not only affect the worker, but it also affects the government and the factory owner and shareholders as well. Decrease in taxes is a very important economic activity that affects many different areas of our lives, how we live, and how our families operate on a day to day basis. We pay taxes on just about everything, so when a decrease in taxes occurs, this lets us know that when the taxes goes down, a deflation in our economy happens and we tend to spend more money because we know that as long as there is a decrease in taxes we have a little more money to purchase things. This affects the businesses as well, because if the taxes are low they can spend more money on the things that they use to run the factories our buy more ink that produces the paper from the paper factory. This activity affects the government as well, because if the taxes go down there is less money that the government receives from the different factories and or businesses that pays these taxes. This will also trigger a change in our economy in some different form or fashion. If taxes are going down, then you can best assure that inflation or the unemployment rate or both will be affected by this particular economic activity. The flow of resources from one entity to another is very important, because this is the flow that makes all of our economic activities so not only in our country but other countries as well. The flow of resources goes a little something like this for all of the economic activities that are listed above. Household is the first flow of this, which is considered consumption, factor market is next on the list of importance, business production is where we go to work to make the products that in return pays the bills and buys the groceries. The goods market again, where we purchase the stuff from the wages that were made from the factories. Then the flow brings you back to the household so we can pay the rent or mortgage that is taxed by the government in order for them to continue to run our economy and hopefully to lower inflation and the unemployment rate. How to cite Fundamentals of Macroeconomics Paper, Papers

The Character Of Macbeth Essays - Social Philosophy,

The Character of Macbeth Macbeth is presented as a mature man of definitely established character, successful in certain fields of activity and enjoying an enviable reputation. We must not conclude, there, that all his volitions and actions are predictable; Macbeth's character, like any other man's at a given moment, is what is being made out of potentialities plus environment, and no one, not even Macbeth himself, can know all his inordinate self-love whose actions are discovered to be-and no doubt have been for a long time- determined mainly by an inordinate desire for some temporal or mutable good. Macbeth is actuated in his conduct mainly by an inordinate desire for worldly honors; his delight lies primarily in buying golden opinions from all sorts of people. But we must not, therefore, deny him an entirely human complexity of motives. For example, his fighting in Duncan's service is magnificent and courageous, and his evident joy in it is traceable in art to the natural pleasure which accompanies the explosive expenditure of prodigious physical energy and the euphoria which follows. He also rejoices no doubt in the success which crowns his efforts in battle - and so on. He may even conceived of the proper motive which should energize back of his great deed: The service and the loyalty I owe, In doing it, pays itself. But while he destroys the king's enemies, such motives work but dimly at best and are obscured in his consciousness by more vigorous urges. In the main, as we have said, his nature violently demands rewards: he fights valiantly in order that he may be reported in such terms a "valour's minion" and "Bellona's bridegroom"' he values success because it brings spectacular fame and new titles and royal favor heaped upon him in public. Now so long as these mutable goods are at all commensurate with his inordinate desires - and such is the case, up until he covets the kingship - Macbeth remains an honorable gentleman. He is not a criminal; he has no criminal tendencies. But once permit his self-love to demand a satisfaction which cannot be honorably attained, and he is likely to grasp any dishonorable means to that end which may be safely employed. In other words, Macbeth has much of natural good in him unimpaired; environment has conspired with his nature to make him upright in all his dealings with those about him. But moral goodness in him is undeveloped and indeed still rudimentary, for his voluntary acts are scarcely brought into harmony with ultimate end. As he returns from victorious battle, puffed up with self-love which demands ever-increasing recognition of his greatness, the demonic forces of evil-symbolized by the Weird Sisters-suggest to his inordinate imagination the splendid prospect of attaining now the greatest mutable good he has ever desired. These demons in the guise of witches cannot read his inmost thoughts, but from observation of facial expression and other bodily manifestations they surmise with comparative accuracy what passions drive him and what dark desires await their fostering. Realizing that he wishes the kingdom, they prophesy that he shall be king. They cannot thus compel his will to evil; but they do arouse his passions and stir up a vehement and inordinate apprehension of the imagination, which so perverts the judgment of reason that it leads his will toward choosing means to the desired temporal good. Indeed his imagination and passions are so vivid under this evil impulse from without that "nothing is but what is not"; and his reason is so impeded that he judges, "These solicitings cannot be evil, cannot be good." Still, he is provided with so much natural good that he is able to control the apprehensions of his inordinate imagination and decides to take no step involving crime. His autonomous decision not to commit murder, however, is not in any sense based upon moral grounds. No doubt he normally shrinks from the unnaturalness of regicide; but he so far ignores ultimate ends that, if he could perform the deed and escape its consequences here upon this bank and shoal of time, he'ld jump the life to come. Without denying him still a complexity of motives - as kinsman and

How to Use the Italian Verb Piacere

How to Use the Italian Verb Piacere Indirect object verb subject. Not your usual sentence structure, but in the case of piacere (to please, to like) thats the way it works in Italian, and heres why: In English, you say that A likes B. In Italian, though, the same meaning is understood in different terms: B pleases A. Here are some examples: Agli italiani piace il calcio. (Italians like soccer. Literally: Soccer is pleasing to Italians.)Ai professori piace insegnare. (Professors like teaching. Literally: Teaching is pleasing to professors.)Mi piacciono le carote. (I like carrots. Literally: Carrots are pleasing to me.) Note that in these examples, piacere is conjugated to match the subject of the sentence; in the first example, agli italiani piace il calcio, piacere is conjugated in the third person singular form, to match with calcio (soccer) and not with agli italiani (all Italians). Other verbs that follow this construction of inversion and behave similarly to piacere are listed below. Verbs That Act Like Piacere bastare- to be sufficient, to sufficedispiacere- to displease, to upsetmancare- to be lacking, to missoccorrere- to require, to needservire- to serve, to be of use More on Italian Verbs When studying Italian verbs, though, avoid the temptation to make absolute comparisons to English. Although there are many similarities between the two languages, there are also many fundamental differences. In addition, there are always exceptions to the rule. So while taking an organized approach to Italian verbs is a terrific way to improve your Italian, think of it like ordering in an Italian restaurant: be prepared to order a different primo if your favorite dish isnt available. When learning Italian, students naturally tend to look for grammatical patterns. Studying Italian verbs in a programmatic fashion is a wise idea because its an efficient use of time, and Italian verbs are classified in a variety of ways. When studying Italian verbs, though, avoid the temptation to make absolute comparisons to English. Although there are many similarities between the two languages, there are also many fundamental differences. In addition, there are always exceptions to the rule. So while taking an organized approach to Italian verbs is a terrific way to improve your Italian, think of it like ordering in an Italian restaurant: be prepared to order a different primo if your favorite dish isnt available. There are three primary groups of Italian verbs, classified according to the ending of their infinitives: first conjugation (-are verbs), second conjugation (-ere verbs), and third conjugation (-ire verbs). Most Italian verbs belong to the first-conjugation group and follow a highly uniform pattern. Once you learn how to conjugate one -are verb, youve essentially learned hundreds of them. And what about those Italian verbs that dont end in -are? Second-conjugation (-ere) verbs account for approximately one-quarter of all Italian verbs. Although many have some sort of irregular structure, there are also many regular -ere verbs. The final group of Italian verbs is those that end in -ire. Workbook Exercises Questions | AnswersAdjectivesA. Complete the following with the correct form of the italicized verb. Mi ________________ dieci dollari. Puoi prestarmeli? (servire)Ti ________________ quel ragazzo? (piacere)Mi ________________ le forbice. (occorrere)________________ dopo dieci pagine per un saggio. (bastare)Quanti fogli vuoi? Me ne ________________ due. (occorrere)Ci ________________ il tuo aiuto. (servire)Ci ________________ molto che tu non sia potuto venire. (dispiacere)Ai Rossi ________________ molto la figlia. (mancare)Non mi ________________ il pesce. (piacere)Mi ________________ molto i miei genitori. (mancare) Other Resources for Learning Italian Italian Language Audio LabItalian Language Lessons for Beginners with AudioHow Not To Learn Italian

Jingle Bells in Spanish

Jingle Bells in Spanish Here are three Spanish-language Christmas songs that can be sung to the tune of Jingle Bells. None of them attempt to be a translation of the English song, although they all borrow the bell theme. Following each song is an English translation, and at the bottom of the page is a vocabulary guide for the boldfaced words. Cascabel Cascabel, cascabel,mà ºsica de amor.Dulces horas, gratas horas,Juventud en flor.Cascabel, cascabeltan sentimental.No ceces, oh cascabel,de repiquetear.adjective Translation of Cascabel Jingle bell, jingle bell,music of love.Sweet time, pleasant time,Youth in bloom.Jingle bell, jingle bellSo sentimental.Dont stop, oh jingle bell,the happy ringing. Navidad, Navidad Navidad, Navidad, hoy es Navidad.Con campanas este dà ­a hay que festejar.Navidad, Navidad, porque ya nacià ³ayer noche, Nochebuena, el nià ±ito Dios. Translation of Navidad, Navidad Christmas, Christmas, today is Christmas.It is necessary to celebrate this with bells.Christmas, Christmas, because just last nightthe little baby God was born. Cascabeles Caminando en trineo, cantando por los camposVolando por la nieve, radiantes de amorRepican las campanas, brillantes de alegrà ­aPaseando y cantando se alegra el corazà ³n,  ¡ay!Cascabeles, cascabeles, tra la la la la ¡Quà © alegrà ­a todo el dà ­a, que felicidad, ay!Cascabeles, cascabeles, tra la la la laQue alegrà ­a todo el dà ­a, que felicidad Translation of Cascabeles Traveling by sleigh, singing through the fieldsFlying through the snow, beaming with love,The bells ring, brilliant with joy.The heart is cheerful as it strolls along and sings. Whee!Jingle bells, jingle bells, tra-la-la-la-la.What joy all day, what happiness! Whee!Jingle bells, jingle bells, tra-la-la-la-la.What joy all day, what happiness! Whee! Translation Notes In this context, a cascabel typically refers to a small metallic ball with a piece of metal inside that is designed to make a ringing sound when the ball is shaken. Such a ball is often attached to the collar of a pet or the harness of a horse so its motion can be heard. A cascabel can also be a baby rattle or the rattler of a rattlesnake. Note how dulces (sweet) and gratas (pleasant or agreeable) are placed before the nouns they modify. This is commonly done with adjectives that have an emotional aspect. Thus dulce after a noun might refer to sweetness as a taste, while dulce in front may refer to a persons feelings about the noun. The suffix -tud is added to a slightly modified root word joven (meaning young) to turn the adjective into a noun, forming juventud.   Tan is closely related to tanto; both are used in making comparisons. Cesar is a cognate of to cease. Just as we would be more likely to use stop rather than cease in everyday speech, so would Spanish speakers more likely use parar or terminar. Note how this song uses the familiar second-person form ceses, speaking to the cascabel as if it were a person. This is an example of personification. Repiquetear usually refers to the lively ringing of bells, although it can also be used to the sound of drums or a repeated pounding on something. Navidad is the word for Christmas as a noun, while navideà ±o is the adjective form. Campana usually refers to a traditional bell or something that is in the shape of one. Hay que followed by an infinitive is a common way of saying that something needs to be done. Festejar usually means to celebrate, although celebrar is more common. Normally, the event being celebrated (este dà ­a) would be placed after festejar, as would be done in English. Presumably an atypical word order was used here for poetic purposes. Either và ­spera de Navidad or Nochebuena can be used to refer to Christmas Eve. Ya is a vaguely defined adverb used to add emphasis. The translation of ya is highly dependent on context. Ways of referring to last night in addition to ayer noche include anoche, ayer por la noche and la noche pasada. Nià ±ito is an example of a diminutive noun. The suffix -ito has been appended to nià ±o (boy) to make it refer to a baby boy. Dios is the word for God. As with the English god, the word is capitalized when it used as the name of a specific divine creature, especially the Judeo-Christian God. Campo usually means field. In the plural, as here, it can refer to an undeveloped rural area. Ay is a multipurpose exclamation that usually has a negative connotation such as ouch! Here it seems to be more of a simple shout of joy. Dà ­a , the word for day, is one of most common nouns ending in a that is masculine, breaking a common gender rule.

Equations of Motion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Equations of Motion - Essay Example For any vibration to occur, a restoring force must be in existence. In this respect, a restoring force is identified in a pendulum. The restoring force is applied by the springs as long as Hooke’s law is observed. The restoring force, therefore, is proportional to the extension (e) with the constant (K) as the spring constant. That is force is equal to the extension times the spring constant (f=k e). The number of oscillations per unit time is equal to the frequency. Frequency is measured in units referred to as hertz (Hz). The motion of a simple pendulum is one of the phenomena that can be used to approximate the simple harmonic motion. The motion is sinusoidal and is a demonstration of resonant frequency that is single (Dunwoody, H. 2000). A pendulum is a simple set up in which a string is attached to a small bob. The string is clamped, and when it is displaced, it swings in a to and fro motion. The time that would be taken to complete one oscillation is referred to as perio dic time (T). The periodic time depends on the length of the pendulum and the acceleration due to gravity (g). That is T=2?v (l/g) Where l is the length of the pendulum whereas g is the acceleration due to gravity (g). When a body is vibrating, its potential energy is converted to kinetic energy (Dunwoody, H. 2000). ... This paper explores an experiment of simple harmonic motion by studying a pendulum (Grant, R., 2005). The hypothesis of this experiment is that increasing the length of the pendulum shall increase the periodic time (T) of a simple pendulum. Method Apparatus The instruments and apparatus that were used in this experiment included the simple pendulum, stop watch, meter rule, and protractor. Procedure. The simple pendulum was set up. The setup was made up of three regions. The centre was the pendulum. The length of the pendulum was chosen for the pendulum by using the slider on the left side of the screen. This value was recorded in the data table. The amplitude was raised to about 20 degrees. This value was equally recorded in the data table. The start animation button was clicked, and when the pendulum passed its lowest point, the timer was started. The time taken for the pendulum to complete 10 cycles was taken, and the timer stopped as the pendulum passed through the lowest point on ce again. This time was recorded in the data table. The mass of bob and the amplitude were kept constant. The length of the pendulum was varied and the period of oscillation determined for certain pendulum length. A series of the values for the period were determined through a number of trials. The length of the pendulum was varied so as to determine whether the period of oscillation depends on the length of the pendulum cord. About four trials were done using the same amplitude but changing the pendulum lengths. The results obtained were used to plot a graph of period versus the length and graph of period against the square root of the length. Results. Table 1: A table showing the data collected. Trial Length (m) L2 (m2) Time for 10 oscillations (s) S2

Reflection on the book 'The White Castle' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflection on the book 'The White Castle' - Essay Example Like in the story Hoja, a Muslim, made the western slave tell him about their life styles and he preferred these western styles over theirs. Pamuk portrays religion with great care in the book and shows how the two different thoughts of West and East can merge together. The Ottoman society follows the old traditions according to their religion and thus do not take any sanitary precautions when a plague hits Istanbul, however the Italian slave advises the Sultan to use such measures for the end of plague and the Sultan does eventually follow the Western way of removing the plague which proves to be successful. Pamuk in his story White Castle tells about the realities of life in the 17th century. It describes different events taking place in the Ottoman Empire. Cruelty is prevalent through out the plot of the story and can be clearly viewed in the characters. The Italian Scholar seems to be laid into a trap by the Eastern world but is saved by his own intellect. Similarly Pamuk is portraying the Eastern world with great uncertainty and cruelness. The pirates who capture the Italian scholar are cruel in nature and are supposedly going to kill the scholar. However the scholar’s intellect helps him to misguide the pirates into thinking that he is a doctor and this saves his life. But on the other hand the pirates do not free the scholar; they rather gift him as a slave to Hoja. The character of Hoja can also be viewed to be cruel as he absorbs all the information from the Italian scholar about his lifestyle and even then does not let him free. The cruel nature of Hoja can yet again be seen in his aim of designing a deadly weapon which would help his empire to conquer other states. And furthermore, when the weapon does not work as expected by him he steals the identity of the Italian scholar and runs away leaving him in the Ottoman

Mediation

Mediation Mediation within a Cultural Perspective Introduction In order to better understand ourselves, we must understand others. These few words shed a different lens when dealing with differences between citizens in a community. The Alternative Discourse Resolution (ADR) movement was born during the 1960-1970 as a substitute process to serve justice outside of the courts. During this era issues of race, class, gender, social inequality, and human rights began a transformative discourse in society. The movement provided a different lens on the realties occurring in American culture. Many communities felt disempowered and unequal within the United States and insisted justice. The legal court system was stumbled with various court cases, each demanding a place to express their voice to reach impartiality. Therefore, ADR served as a tool that empowers and serves fairness without legal ties. It developed as a reflective process and began negotiating differences. The ADR was a cost efficient process that allowed disputants to voice their stories in a safe environment with the purpose of reaching an agreement through a mediator. The mediator then serves as a neutral third person in the process and common ground between the disputants. Compared to other forms of conflict resolution, mediation involves the disputants directly in the conflict and in the process of resolution (Frenkel Stark, 2008). As a result, mediation seeks self-determination, impartiality, and neutrality as the essential foundation in the practice so that inequalities are avoided in the process. In the article Why inequalities? The authors begin discussing stratification between various ethnic groups and the inequalities that constrain a variety of minorities within a historical context. Issues of intelligence and policies rise to the conclusion on how inequalities are not part of nature or by the economic regimen but of due to the historical injustices such as policys put in place that have continued to take part in acts of injustice. (Shapiro 2004). Taking this idea into perspective, diversity will arise in mediation and the importance of fairness and equality are imperative, and mediators, who are not culturally sensitive, may have biases or misunderstanding of the conflict. What are the cultural disparities that can affect the process of mediation? What are the strategies being used to help bridge the gap between cultural differences within a Western mediation process? How does the United States differ in the mediation process to international mediation? The purpose of this paper is to provide a different and fresh awareness on mediation, especially when cultural differences are at the core of the conflict. The researcher first considers that culture is significant in this discussion of mediation and central to understanding the best methods of effective mediation. ADR and mediation will be used interchangeably through out the paper Culture Culture can be defined in many different ways. For this reason, culture will be defined and described as: â€Å"[the composition of different norms, values, and beliefs for socially appropriate ways to â€Å"process† conflict and disputes, including their management or resolution (Avruch and Black 1991). A culture is not defined by one entity but can take many shapes and forms. It goes beyond the ability to identify on the surface of how someone looks, dresses and participates in society; it is the complexity of ideals and values instilled within a persona. â€Å"Our culture shapes how we approach conflict and conflict resolution- including our values, norms and conduct. It even influences how we define conflict itself and what we considered acceptable or desirable goals of problem solving† (Chew, 2004 p. 2). As a result, in mediation, misconceptions can be eluded and the mediator or the disputant shifts the power dynamics. The culture of a person can be the based off of beliefs that they bring when in a situation of dispute. By allowing the disputants to have charge in their decision-making, this will empower them and allow the disputant to participate in self-determination, but at the same time it may be dangerous when inequalities of power exist in the process (Davidheiser, 2006). Consequently, this leads to unfairness and misconceptions of mediation as a neutral sphere of negotiation. Inclusion or Exclusion of Culture in Mediation Many researchers argue for or against including culture in mediation. Kevin Avruch (2003) discusses how culture has been neglected through out mediation until the early 1980s. He also feels it is crucial for any developing mediation program to incorporate a cultural component in the training process. Mediators must understand that culture can be strongly correlated to the style of negotiation. Avruch (2003) then speaks about Type 1 and Type 2 Errors. He further discusses that each error can be crucial to the conflict resolution process by being to culturally sensitive (Type 1) or not culturally sensitive enough (Type 2). Participating in any of these errors can impact ADR because it may neglect or over emphasize an issue that intentionally was not meant or should have been exposed in mediation. Frenkel Stark have emphasized four essential skills needed by mediation to maintain balance such as communication, established climate, diagnosticians and persuasive. These four skills will create an equilibrium that is necessary to begin mediation. Although the mediation environment and mediator are balanced in power, the cultural background of the disputant will proceed as a natural component in the circle to negotiation. â€Å"However it can be socially beneficial by generating awareness of structures of power and producing frameworks within which to debate social norms by individual everyday acts of resistance which illustrate the ways in which relatively powerless people accommodate to power whilst simultaneously protecting their identities† (Mulcahy, 2000, p.147 as cited in Li On, 2008,p. 458). Meanwhile Chew (2004) states every disputant is influenced by their cultural lens and frame their ideas and perceptions around, what is culturally correct. As a result, it can shape the outcome of the ADR process because at the core of the conflict is influenced by the values and morals attached to culture by a person. Russell Korobkin would argue that mediation is a process of negotiating, and those cultural differences do not have anything in common with the negotiation strategies of a person. Therefore, Korobkin believes that it is the separation of the person from the problem that mediation and negotiation truly exists. Furthermore, Avruch would disagree and state culture provides cognitive and emotional frameworks for understanding the actions and motives of the self and others. It has been disputed for years, and the research continues to dwindle in circles. Consequently, culture should not be over or underplayed. Mediators have the responsibility to listen to each individuals voice and be able to identify if cultural difference will be an issue to reach negotiation. The space for each individual to share his or her narrative discourse allots an empowerment process that transits power to the individual. The Power of Culture in Mediation Foucault (1982) states where there is power, there is counter power also occurring. The ideas of power transmitting in mediation are crucial in understanding the facilitative process of a mediator. Therefore, their role is not only to be in charge of the process but to also allow the parties control the outcome. By the mediator controlling the process, transmission of powers can circulate in mediation. As a result, some of the conflicts and counter arguments discussed in mediation are how disadvantaged groups lack control in mediation, due to the power being brought in by the disputant. For example, an underprivileged undocumented person may walk in with less power than a person who is â€Å"American†, wealthy, and entering mediation with a lawyer. Cultural differences of respect, conflict, and language can set barriers in the process of negotiation. The power is not equally distributed across the board. Therefore, the mediator is in charge of providing the space for opportuni ties and to develop a solid communication. Mediators need to be able to diagnose if cultural difference will change the flow of mediation. The article Family Mediations and Cultural Diversity: Mediating with Latino Families discusses how the mediator can identify differences in aggressiveness, eye contact and face-saving. Cultural difference in mediation reminds me of both power and powerless participating in a transformative space during mediation; what Kris D. Gutierrez, Patricia Baquedano-Lopez and Carlos Tejeda call a constructed â€Å"third space.† The third space allows for dialogue to occur to develop knowledge in a dual voice form to construct cultural resources. The space will allow for transformation and discourse to occur. As a consequence, dialogue will begin to open doors for negotiation and develop common ground between the disputants. The process becomes a transformative space for empowerment. Paulo Freire examines the structural inequalities in society and emphasizes on the importance of dialogue between oppressed and oppressor to advance towards a humanizing pedagogy. Once dialogue is exposed dif ferences between both groups are understood. Mediation becomes a humanizing experience to transport dialogue and discuss conflicts between disputants and reach an understanding. Mark DavidHeiser (2006) articulated the importance of mediation and power imbalances that occur by using Gambia, a small country west of Africa, and explains how mediation has allowed for women to be empowered and given a voice to speak. Mediation was labeled a harmonic process where peace and respect for both parties was the central focus. Harmony ceremonies occur when ideologies between men and women are supported through a peaceful ceremony and issues of justice between male and women are shared and through various prayers rights and the need for justice between the couples are discussed. In many cases the women spoke out in front of their husbands about how they felt about their relationships. Mediation became a space that empowers women to leave their society role and be given a â€Å"voice†. The voice that allows their partners to realize the injustice occurring in their communities and at the same time helps renegotiate the power within the environment of mediation. In parallel, the article An Indigenous Imperative supports the argument of power because many indigenous groups like the Australian Aboriginal communities and the Navajo tribe to feel disconnected forms society norms and the structure of med iation. For that sole purpose having knowledge of cultural sensitivity as mediator will help dismantle power imbalances and allow for the voice of the individual to occur. By participating in a â€Å"third space† empowerment that occurs for those whose views, values and beliefs go against the Western views of individuality, a collaborative mediation is developed that values inclusion. Individuality vs. Community Mediation ideologies vary in different cultures. Providing mediation is not a single process embraced by all. Mediation across the world various and is used for various purposes. Discussing the topic of culture, it is important to mention the sense of community many cultures have and how in American culture, which is an individualistic community may clash in ideologies. Authors Glenn E. Singleton and Curtis Linton discuss in their book titled Courageous Conversations about Race, The differences of individualism vs. collectivism in the U.S. although a myriad of examples were provided, the differences between a self-expression vs. respect for authority. Developed connections to the various cultures exposed who respect a group consensus over individual thinking. This key component of culture gives insight on cultures group orientation strategy and the role it plays n mediation various studies have been conducted to camper U.S Mediation strategies to other countries. In one particular s tudy it was compared to Korean- Harmony ceremony. The Author Diane LeReche (1992) discovered that Korean mediators have a crucial and interconnected role in mediation. In many cases they provide advice and are personally connected to the disputant. They become knowledge consults who can provide guidance and reach harmony. In a very similar process, The Navajo tribe are an example of how their culture, language and traditions have influenced their way of managing conflicts. Their views on life have molded their outlook when dealing conflict resolution. Philmer Bluehouse and James W. Zion explain how the Navajo people have a deeper meaning to mediation by using strong community leaders to refocus the members to their state of reaching harmony within themselves. Through the Peacemaker court, the Navajo enforce two main laws (Bluehouse Zion, 1993 ). The laws incorporate life skills such as cooperation, friendship and unselfishness for the betterment of the community. Unlike American med iation where a third member is facilitating the communication, the peacemaker is completely involved in the process and gives advice and possible solutions to help resolve the conflict and maintain the relationship between the individuals when possible. The individuals respect the peacemaker and absorb all advice given because it is a cultural norm and the person assigned, as peacemaker is an elder highly appreciated. The individuals respect the peacemaker and absorb all advice given because it is a cultural norm and the person assigned, as peacemaker is an elder highly appreciated. Then it is the cultural lens is applied to what the needs of the community are and its members. In the Navajo clan, maintaining relationships is important and valued. Therefore, in mediation, the process becomes a medicine and is guided through a ceremonial process intended to diagnose the problem. Mediation is used to resolve conflict resolution and how the process is obtained varies in various cultural communities. Embracing community unity is significant also. In Japan community represents whole no individuality. Everything exerted is for the benefit of the community. Therefore, it is a community responsibility to participate in mediation and avoid the court unless mediation fails. In which then it represents the individuals accepting personal failure. While community unity is important as a way of life, it is also established as a community norm where the court only exists as a process for those community members who failed to participate in mediation. It is a process not embraced as an option or an alternative to legal dispute. Mediation must occur as a community duty to help maintain relations with others (Callister,Wall1997). When member of a disputants participate in community mediation, it enhances the human achievement and needs of belonging in a society without feel ing excluded (Schwerin, 1995). In Eastern Europe, community mediation is viewed as a transfer of power from an authoritative structure to a democratic ideology. Community mediation can be a powerful tool if the correct tools are used to execute the process. Western vs. Community Mediation is vividly viewed across internationally in all mediation. The differences between peacemakers and mediators distinguish the role of respect between members in the community. In Western mediations, a mediator is a facilitative person not representing any party in the process. In contrast, a peacemaker is a most commonly a relative. It builds on the unity of a community, rather then the self most commonly seen in western mediation. The process also establishes the importance of relation in relative to the essence of time. In community mediation, relationships are important for the benefit of maintaining relationships in society. In Western mediation, mediation means money. Therefore, the process is not about the relationships but of tackling the problem. The problem is detached from the person and singled out to discuss the conflict. Although the purpose of mediation is to find a common space, cultural inequalities will continue to stand out as an issu e in mediation. American culture establishes the principles for all interracial group interactions (Singleton Linton, 2006). Hence why culture continues to have â€Å"differences† in mediation. Just because other cultures do not have the same individualistic mentality and way of living does not conclude there are problems in mediation. Consequently they become differences in ADR because they do not constitute the norms, and routines of the individual. Cultural Differences in Mediation Perception Perceptions Understanding perceptions can expand the range of possible solutions. In the book, Getting to YES, The authors explain the importance of detaching the individual from the problem in order to better grasp the conflict. One of the key components in being able to do is by clarifying the perception of the disputants. Understanding perceptions can expand the range of possible solutions. Without identifying the perceptions, assumptions are made. Those assumptions developed, take part on the negotiation process. Every person carries different assumptions. While some may feel to restore connections others are there to voice justice. Trust In this process, trust is important. Without the trust between the mediator and the disputant, reaching negotiation is complicated. In the article Trust and other-Anxiety in Negotiation: Dynamics Across Boundaries of Self and Culture, the authors argue trust is a hidden feature rarely exposed in the negotiation process but is present through tension. High and low layers of trust will expose the communication between the disputants. Communication is the goal of mediation trust can be expanded by allowing the individual to feel comfortable in their environment and begin exposing the trust.† It is dynamic rather than static in quality, if not downright fluid.† (Wu Laws, 2003,p. 329). Face expulsion In Hawaii the majority of its people consist of Asian descent. The â€Å"face† concept discussed in this article as a form of self-respect and can affect the process of mediation. In Hawaii, mediation occurs very procedural. The mediators first lay the rules for mediation, and then the mediators consult with each disputant separately twice. Once voices are heard and mediators understand the situations of both disputants mediation occurs as with both disputants. This process has been successful in Hawaii in dealing with cultural differences. According to the authors, face also exists as culturally acquired social phenomena. Facial expression can originate from nature or form nurture. The Asian community has a variety of perspectives of face and how it is define is very similar within cultures. The author then recognizes Ting-Toomey face work theory and the study he conducted with Asian cultures and American culture. â€Å"Face displays not only an individuals features and uniq ueness but also that persons sense of social identity, by using metaphorical expressions†(Ogawa 1999 p.5) Depending on what culture you are from the concept of face develops and carries a natural instinct of ones persona. Face work is important to recognize because it may lead into communication dialogue. The dialogue is intended to create awareness of cultural differences and value mediation in a different way. Face concept plays a role in our communication strategies everyday. Every person quickly get diagnose the face expression of a person. Face concept is important to understand in cultural diverse communities because it allows to lower the tension between disputes and allows the mediator t understand how face is a part of an embedded culture. Mediators who understand the importance of face, will better understand the communication process of members from various cultures Tools for Cross Cultural Issues Researchers across the literature have provided various tools to help with creating equity n mediation. Culture is something deeply rooted with an Individual. In order to be able to understand the perspective of the individual reflection must be incorporated. Mediators should follow various strategies to help create a safe environment within mediation. Some of the important tools to use are Reframing. Frenkel and Stark mentions how a simple reframing of a statement by the mediator can reduce disputes and embrace positive information. If the mediator is aware of the strategy can be constructive when racial or negative tension exist between disputants. Furthermore the authors gave example on focusing on the human needs in mediation. What are the needs of the disputant? By doing so, mediation becomes a productive environment. Next Active listening, listening allows the individual to feel empowered and valued in the process. y actively listing, the participants begin to communicate the core of the problem. It is crucial for the mediator to balance and transmit he power of voice to both side in mediation. By neglecting or preferring one over the other can cause conflict in the negotiation process. Also mediators as mention by Frenkel and Starkstate mediators should continuously summarize. By summarizing you are assuring you understand the narrative story of each disputant and it avoids for assumptions to be made. Above all, I feel each individual should be valued for who they are. Everybody is unique and differences should be embraced and not singled out, as a conflict in mediation is a space to help conquer differences and establish common ground to help problem solve through collaboration. Mediation from the start! Education and Mediation Timothy Hedeen, author of Dialogue and Democracy, community and Capacity: Lessons for conflict Resolution Education from Montessori, Dewey, and Freire, expresses the importance for cultural mediation to begin at a young age. He uses the work of three huge contributors in education to help establish a dimension for conflict resolution in education. The purpose is to empower the students and to begin participating in their own self-determination process. The process becomes almost a way of living. Taking key models from the leading researchers in education, learning bout conflict becomes a group effort and a learning process. The process also allows for children to begin critically thinking and taking charge of their own voice. The process will establish end result of participants in society as problem solvers. Critically thinking about this process, can leads me to think on the transformative change that can occur in society. By establishing norms at a young age on the importance of solving our own problems, mediation would be conducted at a personal level. At the same time, children will also participate in constant dialogue with reflection and understand the viewpoints of other while in conflict. In conclusion, society has established inequities amongst various cultural groups. Mediation has expressed through out the research differs across the world. Mediators must learn to use key tools to be able and to conduct a space for any individual to feel comfortable and valued in dialogue. Establishing norms of how to deal with conflict resolution at a young age will help establish a community of critical and problem solving thinkers. References Adair, W. L., Brett, J. M. (2005). The Negotiation Dance: Time, Culture, and Behavioral Sequences in Negotiation. Organization Science, 16(1), 33-51. Avruch, K. (2000). Culture and Negotiation Pedagogy. Negotiation Journal, 0, 339-346. Avruch, K. (2003). Type 1 and Type 2 Errors in Culturally Sensitive Conflict Resolution Practice. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 20(3), 351-371. Bluehouse, P., Zion, J. W. (1993). Hozhooji Naaaanii: The Navajo Justice and Harmony Ceremony. Mediation Quarterly, 10(4), 327-337. Brigg, M. (2003). Mediation, Power, and Cultural Difference. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 20(3), 287-306. Callister, R. R., Wall Jr., J. A. (1997). Japanese Community and Organizational Mediation. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(2), 311-327. Callister, R. R., Wall Jr., J. A. (2004). Thai and U.S Mediation. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 48(4), 573-598. Chew, P. K. (2004). The Pervasiveness of Culture in Conflict. Journal of Legal Education, 54(1), 1-23. Cobb, S. (1993). Empowerment and Mediation. Negotiation Journal, 0, 245-259. Davidheiser, M. (2006). Harmony, Peacemaking and Power: Controlling Process and African Mediation. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 23(3), 281-299. Fisher, R., Ury, W. L., Patton, B. (1991). Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In (2 Reprint ed.). Boston: Penguin (Non-Classics). Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the Oppressed (15th ed.). New York: Seabury Press. Frenkel, D. N., Stark, J. H. (2008). The Practice of Mediation: A Video-integrated Text (Pap/DVD ed.). Baltimore: Aspen Publishers, Inc.. Gil, S. P. (1999). Mediation and Communication of Information in the Cultural Interface. AI SOCIETY, 13, 218-234. Gilhooley, J., Scheuch, N. (2000). Using Peer Mediation in Classrooms and Schools: Strategies for Teachers, Counselors, and Administrators (1 ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. Goldberg, R. M. (2009). How Our Worldviews Shape Our practice. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 26(4), 405-431. Grose, P. R. (1995). An Indigenous Imperative: The Rationale for the Recognition of Aboriginal Dispute Resolution Mechanism. Mediation Quarterly, 12(4), 327-338. Hedeen, T. (2005). Dialogue and Democracy, Community and Capacity: Lessons for Conflict Resolution Education from Montessori, Dewey, and Freire. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 23(2), 185-202. Irving, H. H., Benjamin, M., San-Pedro, J. (1999). Family Mediation and Cultural Diversity: Mediating with Latino Families. Mediation Quarterly, 16(4), 325-339. LeResche, D. (1992). Comparison of the American Mediation Process with a Korean-American Harmony Restoration. Mediation Quarterly, 9(4), 323-339. Leng, R. J., Raegan, P. M. (2003). Social and Political Cultural Effects on the Outcomes of Mediaiton in militarized Interstate Disputes. International Studies Quarterly, 47, 431-452. Li-On, L. (2009). The Politics of Community mediation: A Study of Community Mediation in Israel. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 26(4), 453-479. Linton, C., Singleton, G. E. (2005). Courageous Conversations About Race: A Field Guide for Achieving Equity in Schools. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. Ogawa, N. (1999). The Concept of Face work: Its Functions in the Hawaii Model of Mediation . Mediation Quarterly, 17(1), 5-20. Poitras, J. (2009). What Makes Parties Trust Mediaitors?. Negotiation Journal, 10, 307-325. Shapiro, T. (2004). Great Divides: Readings in Social Inequality in the United States (3 ed.). New York City: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages. Soon, J. J. (1990). Some Guidelines for Mediators of Intercultural Disputes. Negotiation Journal, 0, 383-389. Umbreit, M. S. (1997). Humanistic Mediation: A Transformative Journey of Peacemaking . Mediation Quarterly, 14(3), 201-213. Wing, L. (2009). Mediation and Inequality Reconsidered: Bringing the Discussion to the Table. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 26(4), 383-404. Winslade, J. (2006). Mediation with a focus on Discursive Positioning . Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 23(4), 501-514. Wu, J., Laws, D. (2003). Trust and Other Anxiety in Negotiaiton Dynamic Across boundaries of Self and Culture. Negotiation Journal, 0, 329-367.

Laptop and Samsung

A. Executive Summary This paper is focused on Samsung Electronics Co. , and it has four major product lines. Digital Media line produces digital electronics for both personal and business uses. Telecommunication line produces variety of mobile phones and supply to carriers; LCD line produces flat screen monitors used on TVs, cellphones and computers. Last, semiconductors product line produces memory chips used on computers and cell phones. For each product lines, we will be talking about their history, records of success, risks and opportunities, and recommendations.Lastly, we will give recommendations regarding how the company should develop itself to be more attractive to investors. B. Introduction Samsung was founded in 1938 and are located in Seoul, South Korea. The founder’s name is Byun-Chull Lee. â€Å"Samsung† means â€Å"three stars† in Korean. It started as a trading export company. In 1969, they became Samsung Electronics Co. And now it has become one of the largest technology companies known worldwide (Samsung Electronics, 2011). It is most known for its flagship products; the Galaxy smartphone and its LCD screens.Samsung became a publicly traded company in 2000. It has four major lines of business, Digital Media, Telecommunications, LCD, and Semiconductors. C. Four Lines of Business 1. Digital Media Digital media is the line of business that consists of all of Samsung’s digital consumer products, both home and personal use. These products include; personal computers, MP3 players, cameras, televisions, and home appliances. Samsung puts forward innovative designs, select world-leading products, and power efficient products. Digital media consisted of 37% of all sales in 2010 (Sustainability Report, 2012).Samsung Distribution ChannelAs you can see from the graph below is was the majority of Samsung’s sales. In the 1970’s, Samsung came out with its first black and white televisions, washing machines, refrigerat ors, and by the end of the decade color televisions. In the 1980’s, Samsung was marketing air conditioners, personal computers, and the world’s smallest video tape recorder. Since the 1990’s, Samsung’s innovation boomed. They came out with the world’s first digital television, the world’s first Blu-ray disc player, the world’s first HD camcorder, and the world’s thinnest television (About Samsung, 2012).Samsung also led the home entertainment business into the 3D market. Digital media’s record of success is definitely significant. Its sales numbers have increased by about 4 billion USD. Unfortunately, the profits are very low compared to its sales. This is due to Samsung’s high investment in research and development. You can see the difference between sales and profits in the graph shown below. The biggest risk for the digital media line of business is whether the large investments in research and development will pay off against its competing products.Many electronic companies invest heavily in creating better products and imbedding innovative technology in them, so the competition is very high for this line of business. The only way for a company to be successful is getting its products in the most consumers’ hands. So that is why Samsung invests about 6. 2% of total sales into research and development (Sustainability Report, 2012). This enables Samsung to ensure that its products are of the best quality, have the most innovative technology, provide convenient and advanced features, and have a stylish design.Research and development will always be one of the biggest investments of a successful technology company. Samsung should continue its high investments to secure its place as the leader in technology and innovation in this industry. Since Samsung is a global leader in technology, it should use this advantage to lead the rest to the next level of innovation. Samsung has already l ead others in the 3D home entertainment business now it has the opportunity to go further and create more advanced products that will lead its consumers to a more advanced and convenient lifestyle. 2. TelecommunicationsSamsung Telecommunications is one important line of Samsung Electronics. It is known as Samsung mobile and wireless, which provides a variety of personal and business communications productions, such as mobile phones, tablets, and wireless infrastructure equipments (Samsung, 2011). In 1988, Samsung Electronics merged with telecommunication, which then became a product line of Samsung Electronics (Company history, 2012. ). In 1986, Samsung released its first built-in car phone, but it failed due to the poor products’ qualities. But, the company did not give up on telecommunication product line.In 1992, Samsung developed its own mobile phone systems. In 1997, they developed world’s smallest CDMA mobile phone (Company history, 2012). Samsung became the lead er in the personal communications service market. Samsung Electronics has been successful since the company expended business into global market. Samsung took first step and exported its personal phones to Sprint, an American CDMA carrier, and then Samsung extended into GSM market. The company’s phones are compatible with the networks of leading wireless service providers, including AT&T, Sprint Nextel, T-Mobile USA, and Verizon Communications.It has powered Samsung’s growth in the telecommunications industry. The bestselling Galaxy S smartphones was launched in 2011. It has been sold more than 20 million units around the world. In 2012, Samsung Electronics was ranked the 17th of global 500 companies by the Financial Times (Samsung annual report, 2012). By end of second quarter 2012, Samsung Electronics accounted for 330 million or 21. 2% of worldwide demand of mobile phones (Samsung annual report, 2011). (See Fig. 1. ) Fig. 1. Samsung Smartphone Market shares in 2011: 19. 9% (Samsung) The major risk was patent lawsuits.Samsung Electronics has involved with lawsuits in more than 10 countries between Samsung and Apple (Wingfield, 2012). Opportunity for Samsung is that partnership with more carriers, which would help Samsung Telecommunication to expand their business and market share. The recommendations for Samsung telecommunication is that focus on unique technology design. I think that will not only help Samsung avoid lawsuits, but also increase the market share and customer royalty. 3. Samsung’s LCD Display A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat screen monitor that is made of a thin liquid crystal layer in the middle.LCDs are used in many different applications such as, televisions, mobile phones, laptops and computers. LCD screen has been one of the best-selling products of Samsung, yet it still faces risks and needs some improvement to attract more customers (Mote, Stansell, & Greenland, 2010). Mote et al. (2010) state that Samsung c reated LCD technology in 1991. The LCD panel was first used for laptop computers and showed at a world trade event in Japan. The first LCD display for laptop computer was 9. 3 inches. In 2002, Samsung introduced a 54-inch digital LCD television monitor-the largest LCD television in the world at that time.Today, Samsung is the most famous LCD maker in the global market (Mote, Stansell, & Greenland, 2010). According to â€Å"About Samsung† (2012), Samsung sustained the highest profit among LCD manufactures over the world in 2007. In 2009, Samsung became the first company that sold more than ten million LCD televisions in the first half of the year and more than five million LCD panels per month. Epperson shows that, total segment revenue of LCD was about 62. 6 trillion U. S dollars in 2011. There were about 330 million shares, and the price was 1,067 dollars per share.Samsung has also maintained the largest market share in the global LCD televisions from the first quarter of 20 11 to the second quarter of 2012 (About Samsung, 2012; Epperson, 2012). (Data collected from www. statista. com) Although the record of success of LCDs seems really outstanding, Samsung is facing many risks. One of the risks that Samsung confronted was about LCD patent infringement. In 2008, Sharp filed the suit against Samsung in the U. S. District Court for violating its four patents related to a technology to improve the picture quality of LCDs. Then, Sharp expanded the suit to South Korea in December of the same year.Samsung fought back in the same month with lawsuits in Japan and the U. S. For some reasons, Samsung won over Sharp in Japan, but lose the case in the U. S. In 2009 US International Trade Commission began to block Samsung LCD products. Samsung also faces price war from other serious competitors such as LG, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic. In Standard & Poor’s Equity Research, Samsung’s LCD sales are decreasing due to the very competitive prices other comp etitors offer consumers (Patel, 2012). Base on â€Å"LexisNexis Academic† (2012), Samsung just created a new technology of LCD called Active-matrix OLED (AMOLED).This is another type of flat panel display which is very thin and flexible. Samsung announced that it will use AMOLED to invent a new model of its mobile phone named â€Å"Youm†, and the product will be introduced at the beginning of 2013. This is considered as a bright opportunity for Samsung in the future to increase its LCD revenues and profits (â€Å"Samsung’s flexible†, 2012). (Google images) To overcome risks and be more attractive to investors, Samsung should obtain LCD patent protection. For example, when any LCD design is created, Samsung should register for a license or trademark to protect the company from copyright.Samsung also need to focus on Research and Development investment to create new technology, new products and find out ways to lower the production costs, so they can compet e on price with others. 4. Semiconductors The decision of entering the semiconductor business is essential to Samsung. Byung-Chull Lee, the founder of Samsung, realized how big the high-tech electronics market would be in the future in mid-1970s, and that Samsung has to be a major player. Because of that, he decided to form Samsung Semiconductor and Telecommunications Co. in 1978.However, South Korea is lack of technological expertise, and that’s when the South Korean government steps in. The South Korean government required foreign telecommunications equipment manufacturers to hand out advanced semiconductor technology, in order for them to get access to the South Korean market. (Data collected from IBIS World) Semiconductor is one of the most successful product lines in Samsung. The sales of semiconductor have increased from 32. 6 billion dollars in 2010 to 33. 5 billion dollars in 2011. Moreover, its net income has also increased from 16 million dollars in 2010 to 48 milli on dollars in 2011.In fact, the company’s semiconductor segment consists two major parts: memory and LSI (Large-Scale Integration). Like the past 15 years, Samsung has topped the position in the dynamic random-access memory in 2011 with 42. 2% of shares. For the LSI segment, Samsung produces LCD panels for computer monitors and notebook displays. In 2011, Samsung has about $26. 5 million of revenue from LCD panel business (IBIS world, 2012). One of the biggest customers to Samsung’s semiconductor product line is Apple, which is recently considering switching to another semiconductor manufacturer.Losing this huge customer will definitely risk the market position of Samsung, as it is now at the top of the semiconductor manufacturing market. Opportunity for the product line would be its rising demand. There is a growing demand on semiconductor out in the market. Although the demand of desktop computers is slowing down, which will affect the sales of memory part of semicon ductors, demand of tablets and smartphones is raising rapidly, which will lead to a rise in demand of semiconductor (Epperson, 2012). There are still a lot of rooms for the sales of semiconductor to grow.Increasing production of semiconductor due to its raise in demand may not seem hard in the future. Manufacturers are now developing automated production in order to decrease their production cost. Samsung can start increase semiconductors supply to these robots, since those parts will boost the demand for the sophisticated electronics that control the robots. D. Conclusions and Recommendations for Samsung One of the important recommendations is technology innovation. Samsung Electronics is a high-tech company, which provided support for innovation in the areas of technology.Product lines involved with other companies regarding the patent lawsuits. Lawsuits have negatively impacts on company’s growth. In order for company to maintain sustainability and remain competitive in th e industry, we recommend that the Samsung Electronics should focus on unique technology designs. In that way, it will protect the company from getting sued and attract more customers. Samsung should also increase semiconductors productions by finding opportunities to cooperate and be a supplier to other smaller electronic companies. Again, the company hould invest more in R&D projects, so it can built new technologies and new products in order to compete against its competitors. E. References About Samsung. (2012). Corporate profile. Retrieved from http://www. samsung. com/us/aboutsamsung/corporateprofile/ Epperson, L. (2012). Samsung Electronic Co. , Ltd. Hoover’s. Retrieved Oct. 27, 2012, from Hoover’s database. Mote, D. , Stansell, C. M. , Greenland, P. R. (2010). Samsung Electronics Co. , Ltd. In International Directory of Company Histories, 108, 433-440. Retrieved Oct. 27, 2012, from Gale Virtual Reference Library database. Patel, A. (2012).Samsung Electronics. St andard & Poor’s Equity Research. Retrieved Oct. 27, 2012, from Net Advantage database. Samsung Electronic. (2011). FY 2011 Annual report. Retrieved from http://www. samsung. com/us/aboutsamsung/ir/newsMain. do. Samsung. (2012). Samsung Company history. Retrieved from http://www. samsung. com/us/aboutsamsung/corporateprofile/history04. html Samsung. (2011a). Samsung 2011 annual report. Retrieved from http://www. samsung. com/us/aboutsamsung/ir/newsMain. do Samsung. (2011b). Samsung Telecommunications. Retrieved from http://www. samsung. com/global/business/telecommunication/productInfo. do? tgrygroup=11&ctgrytype=18&b2bprdid=146 Samsung’s flexible AMOLED display codenamed â€Å"Youm† in the works. (2012, April 11). Kashmir Monitor (India). Retrieved Nov. 28, 2012, from LexisNexis Academic database. Sustainability report. (2012). Global harmony with people, society, and environment. Retrieved from http://www. samsung. com/aboutsamsung/sustainability/sustainability report Wingfield, N. (2012, August 24). Jury awards $1 billion to Apple in Samsung patent case. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com/2012/08/25/technology/jury-reaches-decision-in-apple-samsung-patent-trial. html? _r=0